Administracion de Empresas

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    Las estrategias de markering y publicidad y su incidencia sobre el nivel de ventas de la empresa Inveragrocorp S.A. de la ciudad de Portoviejo
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2005)
    The company INVERAGROCORP S. A. is a company from the city of Portoviejo, owned by the Ramirez family, dedicated to the production and distribution of some products, especially the tomato sauce "Don Joaquin", which is considered its star product. INVERAGROCORP S.A. has responded to the call by locating itself in the city of Portoviejo Avenida Metropolitana Km. 4½ and joining the other productive forces that take advantage of other resources in the province of Manabí. INVERAGROCORP S.A. It is one of the companies where the prices of the product offered in all its presentations are accessible according to the market economy, that is, it gives the ease of purchase by the people who want to acquire it, as well as the costs of manufacturing it allow them not to have such a high amount, it has access to several markets in which they have an acceptance that does not classify them as leaders, but nevertheless, it sets the standard to know that they do have demand and that gives them opportunities to investigate in the business world, although its production is not continuous, it has competition at the national level but not at the provincial level, which is an advantage, but at the same time it is worth emphasizing that its competition also has strengths in the markets, with respect to its suppliers, they are managed directly, which allows them not to have conflicts or any kind of setback when obtaining their raw materials and materials for the manufacture and elaboration of their products. Marketing focuses primarily on analyzing consumer tastes, it aims to establish their needs and desires and influence their behavior so that they want to buy existing goods, so that different techniques are developed to persuade consumers to buy a certain product. Marketing activity includes planning, organizing, directing and controlling decision-making about product lines, prices, promotions and after-sales services. In these areas, marketing is essential in the development of new product lines, and plays an advisory role. In order to develop a strategy with a certain chance of commercial success, the marketing department conducts research to analyze consumer behavior. Changing habits and lifestyles have a direct influence on product sales. “The life cycle of a product requires a detailed study. All products lose their initial appeal over time, due to their novelty. Producers can also accelerate the expiration of products by introducing new ones with more modern features. Today, consumers not only expect new products to appear, but they react positively to improvements and innovations in production. This influences the longevity of items, which in turn affects costs and, therefore, the final price. Competition between producers who make similar items accelerates the appearance of others with new features.
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    Análisis de la productividad y rentabilidad de los Huertos Familiares en el Cantón 24 de Mayo y su incidencia en el Desarrollo Socio-Económico de la provincia de Manabí, periodo 2002-2005
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2005) Pin Delgado, Yessenia Elizabeth ; Faubla Sacon, Mariuxi ; Zambrano, Zacarías
    The population's economic and productive sostenibilidad is bounded in activities that generate incomes and they allow them in parts to satisfy their most urgent necessities. The agriculture as an activity of full subsistence is able to maintain to the united diverse family groups, to motivate its stability and in a general way to produce goods and services for the market. Under these conditions the Family Orchards, are productive units with diversity of cultivations that achieve a high commercialization process, mobilization of economic resources and integration of several economic sectors. The study about the analysis of the productivity and profitability of the Orchards familis, and its incidence in the socio-economic development, of the province of Manabí, is determined in a logical process of qualitative evaluation - quantitative - descriptive, when relating in general form the incomes for the total of the proprietors of the Orchards familis and to obtain the row entrance for the agricultural activity what demonstrates that this productive process if it impacts in the improvement of the conditions of the population's life. The technical events applied under the methodological outline of scientific character, it was able to complete the objectives of the treatment of the information and with it to formalize the presentation of the obtained statistic. The results and the necessity of integration of institutions you publish and private, to strengthen the productive apparatus and with it the level of the farming proprietors' of the Orchards familis of the “24 de Mayo” canton and of the province of Manabí. contribution generated presently under the description of approaches study show the
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    Estudio evaluativo de las recaudaciones que realiza el municipio del cantón Jama y su repercusión en los servicios que presta a los habitantes. Periodo 2003-2006
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2006) Alcivar Medina, Cinthia Jomayra ; Loor Tuarez, Ana Raquel ; Cabrera, Mike
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    Analisis de la comercializacion de los productos que distribuye la empresa estatal petrocomencial-Manta y su aporte al desarrollo económico de la provincia de Manabí en el período 2004-2006
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2006)
    An organization of national type, broadly dispersed in the national territory and being their vital administration for the economy of the country, it should maintain very well informed to all their elements and of equal it forms it should show the results of their administration with width and intensity to all the Ecuadorians. Petroecuador in the year of 1989, is born as head of three specialized branches: Petroproducción, Petroindustrial and Petrocomercial; and, as long as it lasts the transfer of teams, materials and projects, the three branches will work. Petrocomercial, settles as the company that takes charge of the transport and commercialization of the product, toward the distribution of fuel at national level, for the satisfaction of the Ecuadorian consumer of the same one. Being able to obtain good results in their trajectory, in the city of Blanket is located some of these market, what has impacted more in a contribution to the economy of our county, since the same one has generated employment sources and impelling the economic development. Petrocomercial, has as purpose the task of building an image of honesty, it stops this way to implement a series of measures and changes that look for, in essence, to promote the efficiency and agility in all the processes that are directly linked to the march of the company. One can observe that some of the inconveniences that he/she has had Petrocomercial, have been the politician that has suffered on the part of certain governments. Adducing that this is given to that a concrete oil neither managerial politics doesn't exist. For it some of their main objectives are to achieve goals that they lift the commercialization of the products supporting a managerial change that allows to take advantage of the products more efficiently that at the moment has.
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    Los ingreso por impuesto a las operaciones de credito que percibe Solca Manabi nucleo de Portoviejo y Esmeraldas, a traves de las entidades financieras y su repercusion en los servicios que presta a los habitantes de estas provincias, Periodo 2003-2006
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2006) Mieles Cevallos, Elsa Virginia ; Vera Cedeño, Hipolito
    The theme chosen is in order to investigation is “ The incomes for tar to credit operations that SOLCA Manabi Núcleo of Portoviejo and Esmeraldas” receives be means of finance entities and its effect in the services for the drivellers of these provinces in the period 2003 to 2006, this theme is important because we knew this period to investigate this entity has making big projects like to get in march three Oncology Centers in provinces like Manabi and Esmeraldas and the Oncology Hospital Dr. Julio Villacreses Colmont. This study refered the period 2003 to 2006, because we considerated it was necessary to obtain elementary references and it gets information and with it obtains conclutions at the final investigation. With the development thesis are opening the patches in order to the students get to bottom of this theme and they make it and improves this investigation and also the are knowing that this tax to the credit operation that SOLCA receives is a income fountain and it offers benefits to the Manabi community .
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    Análisis a los indices de productividad y rentabilidad y su repercusión en el desarrollo empresarial de las microempresas en la ciudad de Portoviejo. Periodo 2003-2005
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2007) Arteaga Palacios, Bayron Rodrigo ; Loor Fernández, Ronald Michael ; Villamar de Conforme, Magdalena
    With the development microempresarial a poor presence is noticed, but that it still reaches its efficiency by means of the economic and human capital, likewise you matter provisiona prevails local that makes that its transformation is seen as fortalecedora to the economy of the other industrial sectors. It is here where the importance of the microempresa is shown like decisive of the productive apparatus, in what you/they are developing a support work and support to the great industry. Nevertheless the activity microempresarial is not limited alone in a complement function, but it is also dedicated directly to its operations to the market consumer, offering products or services that have space in the general demand. The microempresas has had a process of continuous growth, their ups and downs and inacción parenthesis. The economic crisis of the country has increased the structural and functional problems of the county, mainly radicalizado is had the stagnation of some sectors of the canton like the agriculture and part of the fishing; it has also caused the economic deterioration of some productive activities as for example the handmade, commercial, etc. In spite of these difficulties the sector microempresarial in the canton Portoviejo is trying to stay and to justify the investments that they carry out with the purpose of to take advantage of its little structure and to stay inside the economic development of the canton. The microempresa in the canton Portoviejo has a wide range of activities, this is given by the unoccupied population's high growth, as well as the reduction of personal in several public entities, they make that its economic resources invest them and that with little initiative they are devoted to carry out activities microempresariales, where they can maintain its family group that is also part of the formation of these microempresas, and this way this process that has been taken that is demonstrated that the community needs bigger work source. The indexes are instruments that allow to measure, to evaluate and to compare, quantitatively and oblicualitativamente the variables associated to the goals, in the time, their own behavior and their relative position regarding their similar of other realities. When referring of managerial development by means of the use of indexes, the explanation that can be given to this, is that of the correct application that is made of these instruments, he/she is defined the future of a microempresa, especially those that are devoted to the matter transformation prevail in a processed product, it is the necessity to propose its correct use for this reason. The indexes, calls indicators can also be used to evaluate the microempresa like an everything and also regarding all the activities that are executed, for any function, area or item that it is wanted to measure inside this The index of profitability, allows to measure the operative efficiency determining the yield of the assets inside the microempresa. It defines the yield, considering the patrimony with relationship to the variables: Surplus of the Exercise (State of Results) and Active Fixed Revalued (State of Financial Situation. These reasons allow to analyze and to evaluate the earnings of the company with regard to a given level of sales, of active or the investment of the owners, and it uses as main tools, the following indexes: GROSS MARGIN OF UTILITIES (MB), MARGIN OF OPERATIONAL UTILITIES (MO), NET MARGIN OF UTILITIES (MN), ROTATION OF THE TOTAL ASSET (RAT), YIELD OF THE INVESTMENT (I LAUGHED), YIELD OF THE COMMON CAPITAL (DC), UTILITIES FOR ACTION (UA), DIVIDENDS FOR ACTION (he/she GIVES) The index of productivity, is the relationship that exists among the borrowed production volume in one period and the inputs used in the production. The value of the used inputs can be measured in physical units or in money with relationship at the time
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    Análisis al sistema administrativo-financiero en la empresa avícola Pechichal del cantón Junín y su repercusión en el desarrollo empresarial, periodo 2003-2005
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2007) Vélez Rivera, Yesenia Liliana ; Vinces Intriago, Jimmy Manuel ; Romero, Marisol
    The private sector of the Ecuadorian economy and the province of Manabí, in permanent has been strengthening productive activity in all sectors economical. These production processes have required resource management systems human, financial that constitute the fixed and operational assets of each company, as happens with the “Pechichal” poultry farm in the Junín canton. Business management becomes a process of searching for modernist events that They determine a high level of management and custody of resources. The study carried out contemplates a descriptive analysis of the purpose of the system of the administration of the various components that affect the productivity of the Poultry, whose objectives are limited to achieving levels of modernization and market competition, where many competitors of varied conditions intervene economic, social, and political. The business organization combines a series of theoretical aspects, whose foundation tends to optimize its resources and reduce costs of production, in this environment, the “Pechichal” Poultry Company maintains its administrative organization and a human resource that works according to the distribution of work by its general manager/owner, who directs all the processes related to Poultry, maintaining it as one of the largest companies importance within this sector at the level of the Junín canton, in the province of Manabí.
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    Análisis de la comercialización de los productos de ciclo corto (arroz, maíz, tomate, pimiento y pepino) que se producen en el valle del ría Carrizal- Chone y su incidencia en el desarrollo socioeconómico en los cantones Bolívar y Tosagua, periodos 2003-2007
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2007) Vargas de la Curz, Martha Matilde ; Zambrano Loor, María Dolores ; Beltrón López, Ramón
    The agriculture, as everything in the modern world, he/she has entered in a phase of acceleration. Today the farmer needs to have a clear idea of the cultivation type that can be him more profitable and more profitable, spreading in bill all the variations of the market, the influence of the fashion in the feeding, the possibilities, of his lands and the conditions of transport and storage that it prepares. It is in and of itself that along the investigation they cleared up several hypothesis and queries that settled down through the proposed objectives that “the commercialization of products of short cycle (rice, corn, tomato, pepper and cucumber) that Carrizal-Chone takes place in the valley of the river it impacts significantly in the socioeconomic development of the cantons Bolívar and Tosagua.” In the discernment that concerns to settle down it can highlight that all person either lives in search of the satisfaction of her necessities expressed in the productive, commercial and even human field and you/he/she is so she decides to be devoted to an activity like you/he/she is the case of the production and commercialization of the products of short cycle that are of great strategic importance as fundamental base for the self-sufficient development of the towns in this case the cantons Bolívar and Tosagua which are par excellence eminently agricultural and her inhabitants take advantage of the kindness of her fertile earth in its fullest extent for the exploitation of the floor what carries the socioeconomic development of the same ones. The production and commercialization go bound of the hand since both are in and of itself important part of an entire commercial system it is included inside this environment at 2436 producing of the canton Bolívar and 3485 of the canton Tosagua that are devoted to the agricultural and commercial activity according to the report of the Ministry of Agriculture AND cattle raising and based on the already investigated and analyzed, representative percentages demonstrate that: In the canton Bolívar 89% is of the masculine gender which represent to 2178 producers and 11% that represent at 258 that are women in this case. In the canton Tosagua 88% that he/she understands 3485 producers is men and 12% that it represents at 418 they are of feminine gender. It is necessary to emphasize that most of the population of both cantons is in the rural sector and they are devoted to the agricultural and commercial production for what the development of the same ones depends in great measure on this activity. It is of a lot of importance to mention that in their majority the level of the farmers' formal instruction is very low; in the canton Bolívar 61% of the alone farmers has studied the primary one 30% he/she doesn't have any instruction level 7% the secondary and 2% he/she has superior instruction. In the canton Tosagua 64% has primary instruction level 23% he/she doesn't have studies 10 secondary% and 3% he/she has level of superior instruction. However in spite of ésto the empiric and traditionalist knowledge added to the experience of the farmers has allowed them to be devoted to cultivate its lands and to obtain fruits of the same one they are this way already these nutritious or economic. Leaving of the questions that were carried out to those producing of the valley Carrizal-Chone; it can settle down that 36% of the producers is devoted to the production of short cycle for tradition because from its beginnings like producers have been devoted to these cultivations and in certain cases one has come giving from the family environment; on the other hand 34% specified that they prefer the production because its investment is recovered among 6-8 months that it is a relatively short period in relation to other products, the acceptance of this products motivates to 30% of producing to cultivate them since these they are present in the daily food chain. Based on the percentages and for the approach of each one of the producers as resolution most represented in 33% siembran in more quantity the corn because d is an appreciable grain for the consumer, also its cultivation doesn't require of a lot of investment, since he/she doesn't need too many fertilizers for its production and it is also used for the industry of balanced allowances and therefore its demand is high. On the other hand the pepper represented in 30% is another of the products that you siembran in great quantity since besides that wastes away to newspaper due to its different uses in the human feeding as vegetable or condiment its cultivation it is safe and profitable since this product is being exported to European and North American markets. Inside the products of short cycle we find the cucumber that not you siembra in too much quantity because it is a delicate and sensitive product to the damages for climatic consequences and this generates losses for the producers, in spite of it is very felt like in the daily feeding due to the proteins that it contains. The tomato in the last years has been stopped to sow in big quantities because the climatic conditions of the area have not been favorable for its production; likewise its cultivation requires of a higher investment; also this product is affected by virus that you/they put in risk the profitability of the producers as it happened this year that among the 10 to 15% of the cultivations were affected. Another of the products that we find is the rice although this gramineous it is not among the main products of the basic basket you siembra in abundance in the valley of the Carrizal-Chone because the manpower is scarce for the siembra works and it harvests, what reduces its cultivation. According to that observed the producers when deciding that to take place doesn't take in consideration the demand and the demands of the market; but rather they make it for references of prices of the last crop what I save climatological eventualities in most of the cases it drives to an on offer of products. He/she fits to emphasize that according to the realized questions to the comercializadores find that 75% that is to say more than the half, they are devoted for 6 years or more to this activity you could verify also that day by day more people are devoted to this business that begins with a minimum of capital and they look for of him to obtain some profitability. In what concerns to merchant's classes that Bolívar and Tosagua prevail in the markets of the cantons it can settle down that 50% of merchants is since wholesalers they buy bigger to take the product to other markets of the county and domestic. On the other hand the retailers also have their participation with 38% these they are devoted to supply the local market and they are an important link in the commercialization chain because they are in direct contact with the consumer. 38% of the merchants acquires its products since in the local market for lack of distribution mechanisms and storage those producing of the area they sell its products it hardly leaves the crop. On the other hand 33% obtains them of the middlemen because they buy the products to low prices without considering the costs of production or margins of utility that should perceive the producers being these last the most affected. With a majority of 63% the merchants buy the products with cash because the producers and middlemen need to recover their investment to be able to fulfill their obligationses. According to the realized questions to the consumers 70% of them affirms that they are been in an unjust way because the products are of bad quality because the best products are marketed by the wholesalers to other markets leaving the products of third and quarter class for the domestic consumption; they also express its necessity that they prefer the fresh and clean products because they have a better flavor and they can take advantage of their vitamins and they go this way free of sludges and they are saved the time that you/they are taken in cleaning them. It is necessary to make notice that in function of the temporary delimitation fixed project presently among the 2003-2007, specifically in the cantons Bolívar and Tosagua can settle down that the most productive year was the 2006 due to the good conditions of the nature, satisfactory results were obtained since for the producers, comercializadores and consumers the local and international market it could settle down with the export of the pepper. In the year 2003 the production of short cycle was favorable thanks to the climatic kindness and in the 2004 this increase in a relative percentage being of great benefit for the producers who obtained good crops. But of the 2005 one cannot tell the same thing this it was not a productive year due to the drought that I whip the cultivations especially since to the rice production as all we know this gramineous he/she needs of water so that it can be harvested. Due to the shortage of the products there was a great demand what brought I get the rise of the prices. Regarding the year 2007 in spite of having been in agricultural emergency due to the droughts and floods in the valley of the river Carrizal-Chone the production of the rice and of the corn it has been given in good quantities, contrary to the vegetables that were affected by several virus that for two years one came presenting in smaller scale but in this productive cycle I arrive to their climax, because the dedicated producers to the siembra of these species began to feel for the losses, almost total of their plantations. At the present time this has been overcome and the production you this giving in a favorable way and with good yield for all those that intervene in this productive and commercial activity. In what concerns the politicians of credits for the commercialization in many cases they are not very defined and they should be guided primarily to the productive entity of the agricultural sector and be used in the different phases of the production process, primary transformation and commercialization of products originated directly of these types of exploitation like: credits for cultivations, centers of storings, among others. Certainly this class of credits debit side to have lower interests compared with those that he/she usually offers the commercial banking and grace periods according to the plans of exploitation. It is so in the cantons Bolívar and Tosagua 54% of the merchants they obtain their financing of bank money, 33% uses own resources to exercise its activity and in its minority they establish agreements that is to say with the producers they have a system of consignment of merchandises giving the capital at the end of the day. In a society that this in constant change and take off of knowledge where the productive sectors face risks and opportunities like it is the agricultural segment with the TLC, the producers should have a constant training so that they are formed good bases and this way to make in front of the competitive world and globalizado in which are, but desventajosamente 67% of the producers doesn't receive training and 33 remaining% every year on the part of the plan of Agricultural Development of the CRM but it is not in all the areas, what is really minimum for people on who the economy of a town depends, in and of itself is indispensable that to the producers he/she becomes them entity comercializadores that you/they don't work only the earth, but rather they know how to sell the product of their efforts. It fits to delimit that if there is a general resolution to this whole scenario it is that the commercialization of products of short cycle provides a sustained and sustainable development for the population allowing that the dedicated individuals to the same one can reach their goals and objectives; using their knowledge and experiences in a work fruit of their efforts, but it is useful that they are rewarded with motivations, incentives and vision so that each one of them is projected and this way to make bigger the progress and improvement of the towns.
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    Análisis de la comercialización del Noni (Morinda citrifolia) como aporte al desarrollo del sector formal e informal de la ciudad de Portoviejo. Periodo 2002-2006
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2007) Espinel Calderon, María Alexandra ; Morillo Fuel, Luz María ; Alarcón de Meza, Lilian
    Based on the results obtained in the present investigation it was determined that the areas of more production locate them to him in the canton Portoviejo, which reported 16 has in the year 2002 and in the years 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 you increment at 21, 22 and 24 have. In this same order it continued him Flints with 4, 6, and 9 there are that they were verified by the INEC. The production of the noni, this related with the area where he/she takes place, for this reason it can settle down that the areas of high brightness and moderate precipitation possess a bigger noni production, prevailing the canton Portoviejo with 40.311 kg obtained in the year 2002 to 57.783 kg registered in the year 2006. In the elaboration of having derived of the noni evidenced in the year 2002 an equivalent production to 67.672 kg in relation to 70.236 kg taken place in the year 2006, that which established an existent demand of having processed in containers, pills, capsules and I eat natural fruit corresponding to the informal sector that identifies traveling salespersons, local of sales of juices it maintained a significant behavior in the city of Portoviejo it presented 52,44% with regard to the rest of activities. The administrative structure of the informal trade, is of a single person's u/o family property, the same ones that are responsible direct of its normal and correct operation in its processes purchase of noni fruits in the production places, acquiring this fruit and juices to USD 0,50 the unit. The formal trade expends processed products (you pack and noni tablets) with sanitary permission and guarantee, which acquire them for orders to companies exporters located in the cities of Guayaquil and I Remove, existing in 79 local and they have a sale price that oscillates among USD 24,00 and USD 40,00
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    Análisis de la comercialización del arroz y su incidencia en el desarrollo socioeconómico de la parroquia Charapotó. Periodo 2004-2006
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2007)
    Along the investigation they cleared up several hypothesis and queries that settled down as: "The commercialization of the rice impacts significantly in the socioeconomic development of the inhabitants of the parish Charapotó", and obviously through the objectives, proposals and it is that all human being either lives in search of the satisfaction of his necessities expressed in the commercial and even human field and this way dreams ideas are undertaken and in turn the calls comercializadoras of the rice that are the main source of the commercial, social and economic development, being the case of the parish Charapotó. It is here where is included inside this environment to 109 people included in it to producers and merchants and other entities like the INIAP and the Ministry of Agriculture, and based on the already investigated and analyzed in representative percentages they demonstrate that: So much the merchants and producing of the rice of the parish Charapotó carries out its productive and commercial activity thanks to the push of its efforts, abilities and strategies to end up reaching its development expectations and through the contribution of its revenues, but mainly to end up giving a whole satisfaction of necessities to the consumer.
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    Comercialización de pesticidas químicos y ecológicos, como aporte al desarrollo socio económico del sector agrícola en el valle del río Portoviejo. Periodo 2002-2006
    (Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2007) Bravo Burgos, Yessenia Mariuxi ; Mendoza Zamora, Johanna del Carmen ; Bravo de Santana, Judith
    In the city of Portoviejo, to be located 26 companies agroquímicos distribuidoras strategically they are located, due to the commercial requirements for the different pesticides that promote these commercial houses. The administration of this productive units this commended people that are properly qualified for made statement. About the property where you/they are installed and working 60% is own, while 40% is local rented. These companies are constituted by capitals that have as origin several partners and they expend a without number supplies of offices and calculation teams which acquire the companies importadoras or representatives of these lines of products resided in the cities of Guayaquil directly and I Remove. According to the registrations of the CAPIM (Camera of the Small Industry of Manabí) 84% of these establishments possesses a defined administrative structure, while 16 remaining% this managed by a single person that at the same time he/she is the proprietor which has many responsibilities and it possesses a limited capital. Results obtained in the companies that market pesticides in the city of Portoviejo, in the period 2002-2006 have had a participation corresponding to 57.57% in the commercialization of chemical pesticides, as long as 42.43% is attributed to ecological products those which for their low prices. When analyzing the commercialization parameters, it was evidenced that the trade of ecological products generated significant economic utilities, in which was observed that the variation range with regard to this activity was among USD 256.672 and USD 301.635 equivalent dollars to a participation of 25,63% among the years 2002 - 2006, what is equal to a profitability among USD 25.205 and USD 71.290. In the sale of pesticides of chemical origin, the margins were superior given its origin and quality, establishing an oscillation of sales among USD 701.620 and USD 998.956 dollars, achieving a superior participation of 74.37% and a profitability that it oscillated among USD 109.234 and USD 447.927 that which is due to the value of these teams in comparison with the ecological ones. The presence of these units of sale of pesticides has had a significant impact in the economy of the county for its activity related with the agricultural sector. They are distributed in Manabí in, Blanket (34,66%), Montecristi (21,33%), Jipijapa (6,68%), Rocafuerte (16,00%), Portoviejo (5,33%), Bolívar (8,00%), Bay of Caráquez (4,00%) and Junín (4,00%).