Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica

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    Comportamiento de plagas y enfermedade en el cultivo de Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) y Citrus latifolia (Tanaka) en Latinoamérica y Ecuador.
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022) Mero Casanova, Valeria Guadalupe ; Quijije Muñoz, María Angélica ; " " ; " "
    THE MEXICAN LEMON, CITRUS AURANTIIFOLIA, AND THE TAHITI LIME, CITRUS LATIFOLIA ARE IMPORTANT CITRUS FRUITS DUE TO THEIR DEMAND AS FRESH OR PROCESSED PRODUCTS. LATIN AMERICA PRODUCES 35% OF THE LIMES AND LEMONS CONSUMED IN THE WORLD. ITS CULTIVATION COULD BE AFFECTED BY EXOTIC AND NATIVE PHY-TOSANITARY PROBLEMS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH WAS TO ANALYZE THE OCCURRENCE AND IMPACT OF DISEASES AND PESTS IN C. AURANTIIFOLIA AND C. LATIFOLIA IN LATIN AMERICA. A REVIEW WAS CARRIED OUT IN DIFFERENT DATABASES, SUCH AS ACADEMIC GOOGLE, FAO AND EPPO. THE MAIN BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES REPORTED ARE: CANKER CAUSED BY XANTHOMONAS CITRI SSP. CITRI, AN-THRACNOSE DUE TO COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES AND COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM AND GUMMOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH, PHYTOPHTHORA PARASITICA. AMONG THE VIROSIS, THE LEPROSIS VIRUS AND THE CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS, TRANSMITTED BY MITES, BREVIPALPUS SPP. AND TOXOPTERA CITRICIDA, RESPECTIVELY. PHYLLOCNISTIS CITRELLA IS CONSIDERED A PRIMARY PEST THAT BUILDS GALLERIES IN THE LEAVES, DEFORMING THEM AND AFFECTING THEIR DEVELOPMENT. THIRTY ONE TAXA OF COCCOIDEA AND FIVE OF WHITEFLIES (ALEYRODIDAE) WERE REPORTED. HOWEVER, THE MOST RELEVANT PHYTOSANITARY PROBLEM IS HUANGLONGBING (HLB) DE-TECTED IN THE AMERICAS IN BRAZIL IN 2004. IT IS CAUSED BY THE BACTERIA CANDI-DATUS LIBERIBACTER SPP. AND TRANSMITTED BY DIAPHORINA CITRI. THE PRODUCTION OF LIMES AND LEMONS IN LATIN AMERICA HAS FACED CHALLENGES IN DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT. WHILE TECHNOLOGIES ARE GENERATED TO REDUCE THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY HLB AND OTHER PHYTOSANITARY PROBLEMS, CITRUS GROWERS MUST UNDERTAKE STRATEGIES THAT ALLOW THEM TO MANAGE THEM RATIONALLY AND AT THE SAME TIME MAINTAIN PRODUCTION LEVELS.
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    Determinación de las especies de trips asociadas al cultivo de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) y sus daños en el sitio la Papaya del cantón Rocafuerte
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-08) Granillo Cárdenas, Evelyng Alexandra ; Novoa Flores, Xiomara Michelle ; " " ; " "
    THE ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L. ) IS A CROP HIGHLY APPRECIATED FOR ITS ECONOMIC, COMMERCIAL AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE, SINCE IT IS USED IN MULTIPLE INDUSTRIES, BEING THE SECOND MOST IMPORTANT FOOD WORLDWIDE AND NATIONALLY AFTER TOMATO, THIS BEING VULNERABLE PRESENTS PHYTOSANITARY PROBLEMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT STAGES, IS INVADED BY VARIOUS INSECT PESTS SUCH AS THRIPS THAT CAUSE DAMAGE TO PLANTS AS THEY ARE TRANSMITTERS OF VIRUSES AND WHEN FEEDING LEAVE A KIND OF SCRAPING ON THE SURFACE OF LEAVES AND STEMS, WHICH IS SUBSEQUENTLY THE ENTRY OF OTHER PATHOGENS TO THE PLANT. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE THRIPS SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ONION CROP (ALLIUM CEPA L.) AND THEIR DAMAGE AT THE PAPAYA SITE IN THE ROCAFUERTE CANTON. THRIPS POPULATIONS WERE EVALUATED IN 5 DIFFERENT ONION PLOTS 34 DAYS AFTER BEING TRANSPLANTED, IN THE MONTHS OF JULY-SEPTEMBER 2021, INDIVIDUALS WERE COLLECTED USING A WET BRUSH AND PLACED IN MINI VIALS WITH 70% ALCOHOL, THEN SUBJECTED TO CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES OF CLARIFICATION AND MOUNTING ON SLIDES AND THE DICHOTOMOUS KEY OF LUCID WAS USED, THE RESULTS SHOWED THE PRESENCE OF THRIPS TABACI L, AS THE ONLY SPECIES IN THE ONION CROP; THRIPS POPULATIONS WERE HIGHER IN PLOTS 4 AND 5 IN JULY AND EARLY AUGUST, WHILE THEY WERE LOWER IN PLOT 3. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF THRIPS PER PLANT FROM JULY TO SEPTEMBER WAS 15.82, WHERE THE HIGHEST POPULATION WAS RECORDED IN JULY AND AUGUST; FOR THE PERCENTAGE OF DAMAGE, NO DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND, SINCE THE 5 PLOTS WERE AT A LOW MAGNITUDE, WITH GRADE 1 DAMAGE. HIGH TEMPERATURES AND LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY FAVORED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THRIPS; ON THE OTHER HAND, THESE DECREASED WITH INCREASING CROP AGE.
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    Diferencias en la producción de combinaciones patrones-injertos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.).
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-09) Arteaga Loor, Erick Alexander ; Zambrano Ganchozo, Leonardo Andrés ; " " ; " "
    DUE TO THE NUMEROUS VARIABLES INVOLVED IN THE PATTERN-GRAFT INTERACTION AND THE COMPLEXITY OF THEIR FIELD EVALUATION, THIS THESIS ATTEMPT TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION IN PRACTICAL TERMS TO BE USED BY PRODUCERS. IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE ONE OR SEVERAL PATTERNS THAT, DUE TO THEIR CHARACTERISTICS, CAN BE USED WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF GRAFTS OR CLONES?. IT IS POSSIBLE TO SELECT ONE OR SEVERAL COMBINATIONS TO BE USED DUE TO ITS HIGH PRODUCTION IN THIS STUDY, THE COMPARISON OF THE TWENTY FOUR PATTERN-GRAFT COMBINATIONS UNDER A MONOCULTURE SYSTEM ALLOWS US TO DETERMINE WHICH COMBINATION IS BETTER IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION TO BE RECOMMENDED TO FARMERS DEDICATED TO THE PRODUCTION OF COCOA, THUS IMPROVING THEIR PROFITABILITY , QUALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY, WHICH THIS WOULD GIVE ECUADOR THE FIRST STEPS IN THE STUDY OF THE PATTERN-GRAFT INTERACTION OF WHAT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT COCOA.
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    Dinámica poblacional del chinche patón (Leptoglossus zonatus) en el cultivo de la pitahaya roja (Hylocereus undatus (How.) Britton and Rose), en los cantones Rocafuerte y Santa Ana-Manabí-Ecuador.
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-09) Sornoza Vinces, Julexy Nicole ; Alcívar Gorozabel, José Luis ; " " ; " "
    DUE TO THE POTENTIAL THAT L. ZONATUS HAS TO BECOME A KEY PEST IN THE CULTIVATION OF RED PITAHAYA (H. UNDATUS) IN ECUADOR, AS IT IS IN SEVERAL AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN AMERICA, AND BECAUSE IN THIS COUNTRY THERE ARE NO STUDIES ON THE POPULATION FLUCTUATION OF THE INSECT AND ITS NATURAL ENEMIES DEPENDING ON TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO DETERMINE THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE PATÓN BUG (LEPTOGLOSSUS ZONATUS) IN THE CULTIVATION OF RED PITAHAYA (HYLOCEREUS UNDATUS) IN TWO DIFFERENT AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES, AND TO YOUR MAY THIS RESEARCH SERVE AS A BASIS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH.
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    Efecto de la temperatura en la fruta de limón sutil (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) almacenado en distintos periodos de tiempo.
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-09) Cedeño Guaranda,Fanny Estefanía ; Mieles Macias, Dayana Elizabeth ; " " ; " "
    CITRUS FRUITS ARE FRUIT TREES THAT OCCUPY AN OUTSTANDING PLACE COMPARED TO OTHER FRUIT TREES, DUE TO THEIR ECONOMIC AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE, THEY ARE GROWN IN MORE THAN 140 COUNTRIES, PRIMARILY IN TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL AREAS. IN THE LEMON, THE QUALITY OF THE FRUIT PLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE AT THE MOMENT OF COMMERCIALIZATION, FOR THIS REASON THE METHODS FOR ITS CONSERVATION AND STORAGE MUST BE CORRECTLY EXECUTED. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE RANGES ON THE SUBTLE LEMON FRUIT (CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA SWINGLE) STORED IN DIFFERENT PERIODS OF TIME, IN TWO LOCATIONS IN THE PROVINCE OF MANABÍ. IN THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION, A RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN (DBCA) WAS USED, IN A 4X3 FACTORIAL ARRANGEMENT, GIVING 4 TEMPERATURE LEVELS (10, 12, 14 AND 26°C-AMBIENT TEMPERATURE) AND 3 STORAGE PERIODS (9, 12 AND 15 DAYS) OF THE FRUIT. THIS DESIGN WAS USED IN TWO SITES (AYACUCHO AND CALCETA). WITH A TOTAL OF 12 TREATMENTS PER LOCATION WITH 4 REPETITIONS, GENERATING AS A RESULT 200 FRUITS FROM EACH EXPERIMENTAL UNIT, WITH A TOTAL OF 800 FRUITS PER LOCATION. AS A RESULT, IT WAS OBTAINED THAT THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGES OF SURVIVAL WERE OBTAINED IN FRUITS STORED AT 9 DAYS SUBJECTED TO TEMPERATURES OF 10, 12 AND 14°C, HIGHER TEMPERATURES (26 °C) CAUSED A LOWER PERCENTAGE OF SURVIVAL IN FRUITS, IN RELATION TO THE QUALITY VARIABLES OF THE SUBTLE LEMON, IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE HIGHEST VALUES OCCURRED AFTER 9 DAYS OF STORAGE AT A TEMPERATURE OF 14°C.
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    Efecto de la tierra diatomea en la incidencia de Spodoptera frugiperda Smith. en el cultivo de maíz Zea mays L.
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-08) Córdova Moreira, Mariela Lizeth ; Vera García, Madelen Lisbeth ; " " ; " "
    THIS RESEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT ON THE PREMISES OF THE LAND OF THE FACULTY OF AGRONOMIC ENGINEERING OF THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MANABÍ LOCATED AT KM 14 OF THE VIA PORTOVIEJO – SANTA ANA, PROVINCE OF MANABÍ – ECUADOR LOCATED GEOGRAPHICALLY AT 01°09' SOUTH LATITUDE AND 80°21' WEST LONGITUDE WITH A HEIGHT OF 60 MASL. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH WORK WAS TO ESTABLISH THE EFFECT OF DIATOMEAN EARTH ON THE INCIDENCE OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA SMITH. IN CORN CULTIVATION Z. MAYS. THE TREATMENTS EVALUATED WERE DIATOMATIC EARTH AT DOSES OF 250 G AND 500 G, SPINETORAM AT 30 ML PER PLOT (100CC/HA) AND THE CONTROL. AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF RANDOM COMPLETE BLOCKS WAS USED, A NON-PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WAS CARRIED OUT, IN ADDITION TO A PAIRED T TEST, USING THE INSFOSTAT STATISTICAL PROGRAM VERSION 2020. WHERE DIATOMEAN EARTH (SILICON DIOXIDE) HAD EFFECTS ON THE CONTROL OF FALLWORM IN CORN CROPS, WHICH WAS SIMILAR TO THE CHEMICAL INSECTICIDE SPINETORAM, IN RELATION TO THE EVALUATED VARIABLES OF LEAF AND HEAD DAMAGE AND CONTROL OF THE INCIDENCE OF LARVAE. AND THE COST IN CONTROL OF S. FRUGIPERDA IN CORN CROPS WAS HIGHER WITH THE SPINETORAM TREATMENT REGARDING DIATOMEAN EARTH, IN THE DRY PERIOD. SO IT IS RECOMMENDED TO CONDUCT MORTALITY STUDIES OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA LARVAE, WITH TD UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS IN RAINY SEASONS, LABORATORY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE POPULATION OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS, ASSOCIATED WITH CORN CULTIVATION. BUT THE ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF DIATOMATIC EARTH TREATMENT IS RESCUED FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH, SINCE IT IS AN ORGANIC PRODUCT.
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    EFECTOS DE LA FERTILIZACIÓN ORGÁNICA EN EL CULTIVO DE ALGODÓN (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM)
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-09) Díaz Gutiérrez, Jean Pierre ; Quila Bonoso, Khabir Marcelo ; " " ; " "
    COTTON IS A VERY DEMANDING PLANT AT A NUTRITIONAL LEVEL, FOR THIS REASON AN EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS IS NEEDED. ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ARE A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE IN ORDER TO LOWER PRODUCTION COSTS AND COUNTERACT ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE. THE INCORPORATION OF ORGANIC MATTER TO THE COTTON CROP HAS OCCURRED IN RECENT YEARS PROVING TO BE EFFECTIVE AS WELL AS CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION, WHICH HAS BEEN ESPECIALLY PROVEN IN SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH IT WAS TO EVALUATE, THROUGH A LITERATURE REVIEW, THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZATION IN COTTON CULTIVATION.
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    Empleo de alternativa orgánica para reducir el uso de fertilizantes químicos en la producción del cultivo de maíz en la parroquia Lodana del cantón Santa
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-10) Macías Vélez, Yessica Tatiana ; Ponce Pincay, Yaritza Stefania ; " " ; " "
    CORN IS ONE OF THE MAIN SHORT-CYCLE CROPS IN ECUADOR, AS IT IS USED FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL CONSUMPTION. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED AT THE TEODOMIRA EXPERIMENTAL CAMPUS OF THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, WHERE THE MAIN OBJECTIVE WAS TO EVALUATE THE PRODUCTION OF CORN CROP UNDER COMPOST APPLICATION TO REDUCE THE USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN USED WAS A COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN (CRBD) THREE REPLICATIONS, WITH 9 TREATMENTS PLUS A WITNESS, WHICH SERVED AS A REFERENCE TO CALCULATE THE AGRONOMIC EFFICIENCIES. THE STUDY FACTORS WERE FERTILIZER SOURCES (F1 = UREA + TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE + POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; F2 = COMPOST + UREA + TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE + POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; AND F3 = COMPOST + TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE + POTASSIUM CHLORIDE) AND FERTILIZATION RATES (D1 = 66 - 23 - 60 KG NPK HA-1; D2 = 132 - 46 - 60 KG NPK HA-1; AND D3 = 198 - 69 - 90 KG NPK HA-1). THE VARIABLES EVALUATED WERE: EAR DIAMETER, EAR LENGTH, EAR FRESH WEIGHT, 100-SEED WEIGHT, YIELD, NPK AGRONOMIC EFFICIENCY, AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE BEST COST-BENEFIT RATIO IN CORN CROP PRODUCTION WAS OBTAINED WHEN CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION WITH UREA + TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE + POTASSIUM CHLORIDE WAS APPLIED AT AN AVERAGE FERTILIZATION RATE (132-46-60 KG NPK HA-1), HAVING A LOW PRODUCTION COST AND A HIGHER MARGINAL RATE OF RETURN. BY INCORPORATING ORGANIC MATTER IN THE FERTILIZATION SOURCES AND USING A LOWER DOSE, IT IS POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN HIGHER YIELDS IN THE INTERACTIONS, ALTHOUGH THIS TREATMENT DID NOT SHOW EFFICIENCY IN THE REST, ITS APPLICATION CAN BE RECOMMENDED, SINCE IT CONSIDERABLY IMPROVES THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL.
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    Entomofauna Asociada a la Pitahaya Amarilla (Hylocereus megalanthus) (K.Schum. Ex Vaupel) Moran y Roja (Hylocereus undatus (Haw) Brit. & Rose, en la Parroquia Lodana del Cantón Santa Ana
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-09) Cedeño Pazmiño, Gema Julissa ; Avellán Vera, Marcos Anibal ; " " ; " "
    IN ECUADOR, THE SOWING OF THE PITAHAYA CROP HAS INCREASED IN RECENT YEARS, REACHING AN ESTIMATED 2,230 HECTARES IN 2021, THE YEAR IN WHICH 18,950 TONS OF FRUIT WERE EXPORTED TO THE UNITED STATES, HONG KONG AND SINGAPORE. THE MOST COMMERCIAL SPECIES OF PITAHAYA ARE OF THE GENUS HYLOCEREUS, WITH THE SPECIES H. UNDATUS, RED, AND H. MEGALANTHUS, YELLOW, HOWEVER THE LACK OF STUDIES IN THE HEALTH SECTOR IS ONE OF THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF THIS CROP, WHICH IS WHY IT WAS PROPOSED TO DETERMINE THE ENTOMOFAUNA PRESENT IN YELLOW PITAHAYA HYLOCEREUS MEGALANTHUS AND RED HYLOCEREUS UNDATUS, IN THE LODANA PARISH OF THE SANTA ANA CANTON, FOR THIS DIVERSITY INDICES SUCH AS: SIMPSON, SHANNON-WIENER AND PIELOU WERE USED. THE RESEARCH IS DESCRIPTIVE AND WAS CARRIED OUT IN TWO PHASES: THE FIELD PHASE WHERE THE COLLECTION AND CAPTURE OF THE INSECTS WAS CARRIED OUT, IN AN AREA OF 2,000 M², THE PLANTATIONS WERE BETWEEN 2.5 AND 4 YEARS OLD, 3 TYPES OF TRAPS: CHROMATIC, LIGHT AND PITFALL; THE LABORATORY PHASE WHERE THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE INSECTS IN ORDER, FAMILY AND SPECIES WAS CARRIED OUT, THIS WAS CARRIED OUT THROUGH TAXONOMIC KEYS, PROTOCOLS AND EQUIPMENT FROM THE MANTA AGROCALIDAD LABORATORY. REGARDING THE RESULTS, THE DIVERSITY INDICES YIELDED THE FOLLOWING VALUES: SIMPSON 0.7442-0.8939; SHANNON-WIENER 1.88-2.644; PIELOU 0.5995-0.8214, FOR YELLOW AND RED PITAHAYA, RESPECTIVELY. FOUR ORDERS WERE IDENTIFIED: COLEOPTERA, HEMIPTERA, HYMENOPTERA, FOR BOTH PITAHAYA SPECIES AND THYSANOPTERA WAS ONLY RECORDED IN RED PITAHAYA; IN ADDITION 23 TAXA WERE RECORDED FOR YELLOW PITAHAYA AND 25 FOR RED PITAHAYA. THE GREATEST DIVERSITY WAS EVIDENCED IN PITAHAYA ROJA, AS WELL AS THE GREATEST NUMBER OF TAXA. THE MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES WERE BRACHIACANTHA DARLENE WITH 258 INDIVIDUALS IN YELLOW PITAHAYA AND FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALIS WITH 75 INDIVIDUALS IN RED PITAHAYA.
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    Entomofauna asociada al cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) bajo dos tipos de manejo en la parroquia Lodana, Santa Ana–Manabí
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-09) Villamar Cedeño, Gema Katherine ; Avellán Vera, Marcos Andy ; " " ; " "
    THE MISUSE OF SYNTHETIC INPUTS IS ONE OF THE MAIN PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE. IN ECUADOR, THE TOMATO CROP MAINTAINS GREAT PHYTOSANITARY PROBLEMS, THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK IS TO DETERMINE THE ENTOMOFAUNA ASSOCIATED WITH THE TOMATO CROP (S. LYCOPERSICUM L.) UNDER TWO TYPES OF MANAGEMENT IN THE PARISH LODANA, SANTA ANA - MANABI, ONE OF THEM INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) WHERE SYNTHETIC INPUTS CONSIDERED ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY WERE APPLIED AND THE OTHER WITH CONVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT (CM) WHERE SYNTHETIC INPUTS WERE APPLIED AS CARRIED OUT BY FARMERS IN THIS AREA. SPECIMENS WERE CAPTURED ONCE A WEEK THROUGH DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVALUATIONS. IDENTIFICATION WAS CARRIED OUT IN THE LABORATORY OF THE PHYTOSANITARY REGULATION AND CONTROL AGENCY (AGROCALIDAD). A TOTAL OF 1,165 INDIVIDUALS WERE OBSERVED IN BOTH MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INCLUDING POLLINATORS, PARASITOIDS, PREDATORS AND PHYTOPHAGOUS, GROUPED INTO SIX ORDERS, 13 FAMILIES AND 14 SPECIES, OF WHICH 58% OF THE INSECTS CAPTURED WERE FOUND IN THE CROP UNDER IPM AND 48% IN THE CM. THE MOST REPRESENTATIVE FAMILIES IN BOTH MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WERE BRACONIDAE, FORMICIDAE AND NITIDULIDAE. PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) SHOWS THAT TRIALEURODES SP. IS ASSOCIATED WITH MC, WHILE APHIS CRACCIVORA, CONURA SP., HYPERASPIS FESTIVA AND THE FAMILY CHRYSOMELIDAE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH IPM. THE GENERA CONATELUS SP., DOLICHODERUS SP. AND COTESIA SP. HAVE NO DIRECT RELATIONSHIP WITH EITHER MANAGEMENT. ACCORDING TO SIMPSON'S INDEX, NONE OF THE SPECIES FOUND DOMINATE IN THE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, HOWEVER, THEY PRESENT A HIGH SPECIES RICHNESS. SHANNON'S INDEX SUGGESTS THAT THERE IS MODERATE SPECIES DIVERSITY IN IPM COMPARED TO CM AND PIELOU'S INDEX INDICATES THAT IPM PRESENTS HIGH HOMOGENEITY. IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT THE ENTOMOFAUNA ASSOCIATED WITH THE TOMATO CROP UNDER TWO AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT WERE THE FAMILIES CHRYSOMELIDAE, CURCULIONIDAE, CECIDOMYIIDAE AND THE SPECIES HYPERASPIS SP. CHEILOMENES SEXMACULATA, CONATELUS SP., COTESIA SP., CONURA SP., APIS MELLIFERA, DOLICHODERUS SP., APHIS CRACCIVORA, TRIALEURODES SP., AND THRIPS PLAMI.
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    “Escolítinos asociados en monocultivo y agro sistema de cacao en la cuenca media del río Portoviejo”
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-09) Demera Revelo, Carlos Javier ; Moreira Garcia, José Julian ; " " ; " "
    THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH WAS TO DETERMINE THE DIVERSITY OF BARK BEETLES IN MONOCULTURE AND COCOA AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN THE MIDDLE BASIN OF THE PORTOVIEJO RIVER. FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS RESEARCH, FARMS IN MONOCULTURE AND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS WERE SELECTED BETWEEN THE TOWNS OF PACHINCHE, LODANA AND SANTA ANA, IN EACH CROP SEVEN TRAPS WITH ALCOHOL AS AN ATTRACTANT WERE INSTALLED, MAKING COLLECTIONS EVERY FIFTEEN DAYS, THE MATERIAL WAS IDENTIFIED BASED ON TAXONOMIC KEYS. DURING THE EVALUATION PERIOD, 8372 INDIVIDUALS WERE COLLECTED FROM THE FARMS UNDER EVALUATION, REPRESENTED BY GENERA CORRESPONDING TO FOUR TRIBES, CORTHYLINI, IPINI, XILEBORINI AND TRYPOPHLOEINI. THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE ABUNDANCE OF INDIVIDUALS BETWEEN THE TWO SYSTEMS, BUT THERE WAS BETWEEN THE EVALUATED FARMS, BEING HIGHER IN THE COCOA AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM ASSOCIATED WITH INGA SPECIES. THIRTEEN SPECIES WERE FOUND IN EACH CULTURE SYSTEM, DIFFERING ONLY IN THE PRESENCE OF CRYPTOCARENUS SPECIES IN MONOCULTURE AND MONARTHRUM IN AGOSYSTEM. THE FLIGHT ACTIVITY, GIVEN BY THE CAPTURES MADE BY THE BARK BEETLES PRESENT IN THE COCOA CULTIVATION SYSTEMS, OCCURRED BOTH IN THE RAINY AND DRY SEASONS, BUT ITS GREATEST ACTIVITY OCCURRED IN THE DRY SEASON. THE DIVERSITY OF BARK BEETLES AMONG THE SYSTEMS UNDER STUDY WAS LOW, WITH A HIGH DOMINANCE BY THE HYPOTHENEMUS SPECIES, WHICH WAS THE MOST ABUNDANT IN BOTH THE MONOCULTURE AND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS. THE SPECIES OF BARK BEETLES ASSOCIATED WITH COCOA CULTIVATION, BOTH IN MONOCULTURE AND AGROSYSTEM, ARE SIMILAR.
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    EVALUACIÓN DE LA TECNOLOGÍA DE RIEGO POR GOTEO UTILIZANDO LA MANGUERA UNIRAM EN EL CULTIVO DE CACAO, EN EL CAMPUS EXPERIMENTAL “LA TEODOMIRA” DE LA FIAG
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-10) Intriago Rezabala, Ernesto Eleuterio ; Muentes Cedeño, Darwin Vicente ; " " ; " "
    THE COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAO L), IS A PLANT CONSIDERED SENSITIVE TO WATER SCARCITY, ALTHOUGH YIELDS CAN BE AFFECTED BY EXCESS MOISTURE THAT OCCURS IN THE ROOT ZONE OF THE CROP, SO SOILS WITH GOOD DRAINAGE ARE NEEDED. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH WORK WAS TO EVALUATE THE AGRONOMIC AND HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF THE DRIP IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY WITH THE UNIRAM HOSE IN THE CULTIVATION OF COCOA IN THE EXPERIMENTAL CAMPUS "LA TEODOMIRA"; BELONGING TO THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, LOCATED IN THE LODANA PARISH, SANTA ANA CANTON, MANABÍ PROVINCE, ECUADOR. THE RESEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT IN THE AREA OF THE PROJECT "DEVELOPMENT OF INTRASPECIFIC COCOA HYBRIDS FOR THE PROVINCE OF MANABÍ". THE IRRIGATION UNITS WERE SELECTED IN WHICH THE DETERMINATIONS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE WETTING CONE WERE MADE, FOR WHICH 16 SAMPLING SITES WERE SELECTED FOR EACH IRRIGATION SUBUNIT. IN THE SELECTED PLANTS, THE MOISTENING CONE WAS DETERMINED STARTING FROM EACH SELECTED PLANT FROM 0.50 TO 1.50 METERS FROM THE PLANT, FOR WHICH THE TDR 300 VOLUMETRIC HUMIDITY METER WAS USED. THE UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT OF THE INSTALLED IRRIGATION SYSTEM, FOR WHICH 16 RAIN GAUGES WERE PLACED FOR EACH SAMPLED UNIT. THE COEFFICIENT WAS DETERMINED FROM THE 25% MEAN FLOW RATES AND THE TOTAL MEAN FLOW RATES. WITH THE RESULTS OF THE DETERMINATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM, THE PROPOSAL OF THE OPERATION PROGRAM OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM WAS MADE, FOR WHICH AN AVERAGE FLOW RATE OF THE DRIPPERS OF 1.88 L/H WAS OBTAINED, WITH A UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT OF 97 %, DEMONSTRATING THAT THE UNIRAM HOSE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM GUARANTEES THE WATER REQUIREMENT OF THE COCOA CROP.
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    “Evaluación del comportamiento vegetativo y productivo de un híbrido del tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) a la aplicación de bioestimulantes y fertilización orgánica”
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-10) Intriago López, Efrén Rodolfo ; Zambrano Palacios, Néstor Jalil ; " " ; " "
    THIS RESEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT IN THE PARISH OF PICOAZÁ, PORTOVIEJO, PROVINCE OF MANABÍ. THE MAIN WAS TO EVALUATE THE VEGETATIVE AND PRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.) TO THE APPLICATION OF BIOSTIMULANTS AND ORGANIC FERTILIZATION. A COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED BLOCK EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS USED WITH FIVE TREATMENTS AND FOUR REPLICATIONS, AS FOLLOWS: FOLIAR APPLICATION OF ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM, FOLIAR APPLICATION OF SARGASSUM SPP., FOLIAR APPLICATION OF ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM WITH SARGASSUM SPP. AND TWO CONTROL TREATMENTS WITHOUT BIOSTIMULANT APPLICATION USING ONLY WATER (ONE USING COMPOST AS FERTILIZER AND THE OTHER WITHOUT FERTILIZATION). THE VARIABLES STUDIED WERE PLANT HEIGHT (CM), STEM DIAMETER (CM), NUMBER OF FLOWERS, YIELD (T HA-1), BRIX DEGREES OF FRUIT, DRY WEIGHT OF LEAVES, STEMS AND ROOTS (G), LEAF CHLOROPHYLL INDEX (SPAD). IN THE VEGETATIVE AND PRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF THE PIETRO HYBRID TOMATO CROP UNDER ORGANIC FERTILIZATION, THE COMBINATION OF THE ALGAE A. NODOSUM AND SARGASSUM SPP. PROVED TO HAVE GREATER EFFECTS ON THE VARIABLES STUDIED. WITH AN INVESTMENT OF 3,832.20 USD APPLYING THE COMBINATION OF A. NODOSUM AND SARGASSUM SPP. ALGAE, A TOTAL GAIN OF 23,350.80
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    “Evaluación del crecimiento radicular y nodulación de variedades de maní bajo tres láminas de agua riego”
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-10) Ponce Zambrano, Angelica Maria ; Zambrano Rezabala, Cindya Pamela ; " " ; " "
    THE TEST OF THE AGRONOMIC BEHAVIOR OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) WAS AS A STUDY TO ESTABLISH THE EFFECT OF THREE LOCALIZED IRRIGATION SHEETS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF THE ROOTS AND NODULES OF THE PEANUT PLANT. FOUR VARIETIES WERE USED: CARAMEL: INIAP 382, ​​BLACK: INIAP 380, PINK: INIAP 381, STRIPED: INIAP 383. THE METHODOLOGY ALLOWED THE USE OF A COMPLETELY RANDOM EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (DBCA), CARRYING OUT IN THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 2021 WITH A REA WORKED 32 M2 LONG AND WITH A WIDTH 1.30CM. WITH THE APPLICATION OF THREE WATER SHEET WHERE FACTORS A WERE ESTABLISHED WITH STUDIES WITH MAIN PLOTS, IRRIGATION LEVELS AND FACTOR B IN THE CULTIVAR SUBPLOTS. THE INFLUENCE OF THE IRRIGATION SHEETS ON THE CROP SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE VARIABLE IN STAGES OF VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CROP. IN THE VARIABLE NUMBER OF NODULES HAD AN AVERAGE VALUE OF 767 FOR THE ROSITA VARIETY UNDER CONDITIONS OF KC 0.2 WATER DEFICIT. THE EVALUATED PARAMETERS OF DRY WEIGHT OF NODULES IN THE VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT PHASE RESULTED IN AN AVERAGE OF 46 CORRESPONDING TO THE CANDY VARIETY STUDY IN THE KC 0.2 WATER SHEET. WITHIN THE VARIABLES EVALUATED OF THE ROOT VOLUME IN THE PHASE OF VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT, THE VARIETIES THAT SHOWED THE LARGEST MARKETS ARE CARAMEL AND BLACK WITH VALUES OF 86 AND 85ML IN THE KC 0.2, KC 0.5. WHILE IN THE VARIABLE IN THE ROOT LENGTH IN THE DEVELOPMENT PHASE SHOWED AN AVERAGE OF 19CM WITH ITS VARIABILITY COEFFICIENT REACHED OF 9.31% UNDER KC CONDITIONS 0.2. THE VARIABLES EVALUATED IN THE DRY ROOT MATTER WE OBTAINED IN THE NEGRO VARIETY A SIGNIFICANT AVERAGE OF 3.53GR AT A KC 0.5.
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    Germinación y establecimiento in vitro de Annona conica Ruiz y Pav. Ex G. Don, especie amenazada en peligro de extinción en Ecuador
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-09) Avellán Rengifo, Andrea Cecilia ; Carrera Angamarca, Karen Mishell ; " " ; " "
    ANNONA CONICA RUIZ AND PAV. EX G. DON, IS AN ENDEMIC SHRUB FROM ECUADOR THAT GROWS IN THE WET AND DRY COASTAL FOREST AREAS, REGISTERING ISOLATED AND LOW-DENSITY POPULATIONS IN THE PROVINCES OF LOS RÍOS, GUAYAS AND MANABÍ. ACCORDING TO THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES, A. CONICA IS LISTED AS AN “ENDANGERED” SPECIES DUE TO ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH WAS TO DETERMINE THE GERMINATION CAPACITY AND TO DEVELOP A PROTOCOL FOR THE IN VITRO ESTABLISHMENT OF A. CONICA. BASED ON WHAT WAS PROPOSED, THE GERMINATIVE CAPACITY OF A. CONICA WAS EVALUATED BY COLLECTING FRUITS FROM TWO GERMPLASM BANKS ESTABLISHED AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH OF ECUADOR, PORTOVIEJO STATION AND AT THE EXPERIMENTAL CAMPUS LA TEODOMIRA, OF THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING OF ECUADOR. THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MANABÍ. IN ADDITION, FRUITS WERE COLLECTED IN THE LA MOCORA COMMUNITY, IN THE 24 DE MAYO CANTON. A MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION WAS CARRIED OUT, WHICH CONSISTED OF SANDING PART OF THE SEED COAT, OBTAINING 87.50% GERMINATION. IN THE IN VITRO ESTABLISHMENT PHASE, THE PERCENTAGE OF CONTAMINATION AND DEATH OF EXPLANTS WAS EVALUATED, APPLYING FOUR DISINFECTION TREATMENTS, USING SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS AND DIFFERENT IMMERSION TIMES OF THE EXPLANT. THE BEST DISINFECTION TREATMENT WILL BE REPAIRED WITH THE APPLICATION OF 70% ALCOHOL FOR ONE MINUTE AND 2% SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE FOR EIGHT MINUTES (T4). IN VITRO ESTABLISHMENT WAS CARRIED OUT IN WPM (WOODY PLANT MEDIUM), EVALUATING THE MORPHOGENIC RESPONSE OF A. CONICA EXPLANTS, STIMULATED BY THE EFFECT OF TWO CYTOKININS (2-IP AND ZEATIN) AND THE INTERACTION WITH AUXIN (IBA). THE TREATMENT THAT PRESENTED THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGE WAS THE COMBINATION OF ZEATIN AT 1.0 MG L-1 AND AIB AT 0.25 MG L-1. HOWEVER, THE TREATMENT WHERE ONLY ZEATIN WAS APPLIED AT 0.5 MG L-1 MANAGED TO OBTAIN A HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF SHOOT FORMATION. THESE RESULTS SHOW US THAT IT IS NECESSARY TO BREAK THE SEED TEST THROUGH MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION TO OBTAIN A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF GERMINATION. IN ADDITION, THE TREATMENTS STIMULATED WITH ZEATIN WILL ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT ESTABLISHMENT PROTOCOLS, OBTAINING UNIFORMITY IN THE RESPONSE OF THE EXPLANTS, WHOSE CONDITION IS FAVORABLE FOR THE FOLLOWING STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN VITRO MULTIPLICATION PROTOCOL.
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    Importancia de la calidad agrícola en la economía rural de Manabí, Ecuador
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-12) Cedeño Briones, Gilbert Antonio ; " " ; " "
    TRADITIONALLY, THE CONCEPTS OF RURAL ECONOMY AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY ARE GENERALLY USED AS SYNONYMS. THE BOOST IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY HAS BEEN ACCOMPANIED BY A DECREASE IN RURAL POVERTY. HOWEVER, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH HAS FAILED TO ACCELERATE STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN THE RECENT PERIOD DUE TO SEVERAL CONSTRAINTS. AS A RESULT, THE TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL SECTOR HAS APPARENTLY FAILED TO DRIVE THE DEMAND FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND THUS THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE COUNTRY. A DYNAMIC TRANSFORMATION IN THE PROVINCE CAN BE ACHIEVED BY PRIORITIZING AGRICULTURAL QUALITY. IN THIS SENSE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO COLLECT VARIOUS POINTS OF VIEW REGARDING THE IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL QUALITY FOR THE RURAL ECONOMY OF THE PROVINCE OF MANABÍ, ECUADOR. THE GOVERNMENT MUST FORMULATE POLICIES THAT HELP END SUBSISTENCE FARMING, WHICH IS PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LOW WAGES OF AGRICULTURAL LABOR. THE ADOPTION OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY, THE ADEQUATE CHANNELING OF FORMAL FINANCING TO THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND THE LIMITATION OF THE DECREASE IN ARABLE LAND ARE SOME OF THE POLICY OPTIONS TO CONSIDER.
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    Recursos genéticos de variedades de cacao tipo Nacional en Ecuador: una revisión sistemática
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-08) Sornoza Vélez, Lady Laura ; Valencia Carreño, Leidy Yamilex ; " " ; " "
    WITH THE PURPOSE OF COMPILING INFORMATION RELATED TO NATIONAL TYPE COCOA, THE FOLLOWING REVIEW ADDRESSES I) IMPORTANCE OF COCOA IN ECUADOR, II) GERMOPLASM BANKS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GENOTYPES OF NATIONAL TYPE COCOA, III) MAIN PRODUCTION AREAS AND IV) RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR THE DIFFERENT PRODUCTION AREAS. A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR LITERATURE WAS CONDUCTED FROM 1937 TO 2022 IN SCIENTIFIC DATABASES, SUCH AS SCOPUS, SCIELO, REDALYC, LATINDEX. IN ADDITION, DOCUMENTS WERE COLLECTED IN REPOSITORIES OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES. FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION, DESCRIPTIVE AND MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS WERE CARRIED OUT. THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW CARRIED OUT ALLOWS IT TO CONCLUDE THAT: I) THE GENETIC RESOURCES OF THIS TYPE OF COCOA ARE VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE COCOA SECTOR, II) THE MAIN VARIABLES REPORTED AS DISCRIMINANT WERE: NUMBER AND WEIGHT OF SEEDS AND LESS THAN 50% OF THE ACCESSIONS HAVE HAVE BEEN GENETICALLY CHARACTERIZED III) THE MAIN PROVINCES PRODUCING NATIONAL TYPE COCOA IN ECUADOR ARE MANABÍ, GUAYAS, LOS RÍOS AND ESMERALDAS AND IV) THE CLONES INIAP-EETP-800 AND INIAP-EETP-801 (WITH 2.5 AND 2 T/HA /YEAR RESPECTIVELY) HAVE REPORTED HIGHER PERFORMANCES THAN THE CCN51 CLONE. THIS REVIEW INTENDS TO RAISE AWARENESS IN THE COCOA SECTOR AND CONSUMER ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING THIS IMPORTANT GENETIC RESOURCE.
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    Respuesta adaptativa de híbridos comerciales foráneos de piñón (Jatropha curcas L.), en la parroquia Lodana
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-10) Suárez Navarrete, Viviana Carolina ; Bermúdez Talledo, Jean Carlos ; " " ; " "
    THE PHYSIC NUT (JATROPHA CURCAS L.) IS A DROUGHT RESISTANT MULTIPURPOSE SPECIES THAT CAN BE CULTIVATED ON MARGINAL SURFACES, WITHOUT COMPETING WITH THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD CROPS, WITHOUT, HOWEVER, ITS PRODUCTION IS NOT PROFITABLE. IT IS MENTIONED THAT JATROPHA HYBRIDS PROVIDE A HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY THAN EXISTING MATERIALS IN ECUADOR. THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION HAS AS MAIN OBJECTIVE TO EVALUATE THE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE OF COMMERCIAL FOREIGN HYBRIDS OF PHYSIC NUT IN THE PARISH OF LODANA, SANTA ANA - MANABÍ. A COMPLETELY RANDOM BLOCK DESIGN WAS USED, STUDYING SIX TREATMENTS CONSISTING OF FOUR HYBRIDS INTRODUCED FROM INDIA (T1. HYBRID JAT 001100, T2. HYBRID JAT 001103, T3. HYBRID JAT 001164, T4. HYBRID JAT 001165) AND THE PROMISING VARIETIES FROM THE GERMPLASM BANK OF THE INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONES AGROPECUARIAS (T5. CP-041 AND T6. CP-052) WITH FOUR REPETITIONS, ACHIEVING A TOTAL OF 24 EXPERIMENTAL UNITS, WHICH WERE DIVIDED INTO FOUR PLOTS, WHERE EACH PLOT CONTAINED SIX PLANTS, TOTALING 24 PLANTS PER TREATMENT. AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TEST, THE PLANT HEIGHT, STEM DIAMETER, NUMBER OF BRANCHES AND INFLORESCENCES, WEIGHT OF NUTS AND SEEDS, THE SPAD INDEX OF LEAF CHLOROPHYLL AT THE BEGINNING OF FRUCTIFICATION, EVALUATION OF ARTHROPOFAUNA, YIELD T/HA AND PERCENTAGE OF ACCEPTANCE AT THE END OF THE EVALUATION PERIOD. THE RESULTS WERE SUBJECTED TO AN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND TUKEY'S AVERAGE ASSUMPTIONS TO VERIFY NORMALITY AND HOMOSCEDASTICITY ASSUMPTIONS USING SHAPIRO-WILK AND HARTLEY'S ASSUMPTIONS. YIELD AND SEED WEIGHT WERE SHOWN TO BE CORRELATED WITH THE TOTAL NUMBER OF INFLORESCENCES. THE FOREIGN AND LOCAL HYBRIDS PRESENTED A GOOD BEHAVIOR HIGHLIGHTING THE T3 INDIAN ORIGIN, WHICH PRESENTED THE BEST RESULTS IN THE DIFFERENT VARIABLES.
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    Técnicas de manejo de enfermedades poscosecha en frutos de cítricos
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2023-02) Chávez Caicedo, Cristhian Jesús ; " " ; " "
    Worldwide, citrus production has increased due to the growing demand from producing and exporting countries. However, postharvest losses are a challenge for citrus growers, especially those caused by the fungi Penicillium digittaum and P. italilicum; in addition to the microorganisms that cause pre-harvest diseases, which persist over time and occur during citrus storage. The objective of the research was to compile systemic, applicable and useful information on postharvest disease management techniques for citrus fruits (Citrus spp.) in Ecuador. One of the management techniques is the use of synthetic fungicides, especially Imidazole and Benzimidazole and salts such as sodium orthophenyl phenate. Among the biological options, fungi, bacteria and yeasts with antagonistic and antifungal capacity are used. Among the physical measures, storage under low temperature conditions is used, which varies according to citrus species and luminosity, and is suggested as an excellent management measure for the rot-causing fungi, P. digitatum and P. italicum. Postharvest disease management should have a plan that includes at least two control measures.
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    Una revisión sobre biocontroladores de Phytophthora capsici y su impacto en plantas de Capsicum: una perspectiva desde el exterior al interior de la planta
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2022-09) Quispe Quispe, Edwin ; " " ; " "
    PHYTOPHTHORA CAPSICI ES UN OOMICETO QUE CAUSA DIVERSOS SÍNTOMAS COMO PUDRICIÓN DE RAÍCES, CUELLO, TALLO Y FRUTOS, Y TIZÓN FOLIAR, EN VARIAS ESPECIES DE PLANTAS QUE INCLUYEN EL GÉNERO CAPSICUM. ONE OF THE TOOLS TO COUNTERACT THIS BIOTIC PROBLEM, AND WHICH MAY BE MORE PROFITABLE AND RESPECTFUL WITH ENVIRONMENT IN THE LONG TERM, IS THE USE OF BIOCONTROLLERS SUCH AS BACILLUS, PSEUDOMONAS, STREPTOMYCES (BACTERIA) AND TRICHODERMA (FUNGUS). IT SEEMS THAT EACH OF THESE MICROORGANISMS HAVE DIFFERENT MECHANISMS THAT ALLOW THEM TO INHIBIT AND REDUCE THE GROWTH OF P. CAPSICI, NEGATIVELY AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORANGIA, GERMINATION AND MOTILITY OF ZOOSPORES, AND GROWTH OF GERM TUBE. ALTHOUGH IT WOULD SEEM THAT THIS DIRECT BIOCONTROL ACTION ON THE PHYTOPATHOGEN IS CORRELATED WITH THE REDUCTION OF SYMPTOMS IN CAPSICUM PLANTS OR OTHER PLANT SPECIES, IT WOULD ALSO INVOLVE THE ACTIVATION OF DEFENSE RESPONSES IN PLANTS AGAINST P. CAPSICI INDUCED BY THE MICROORGANISMS. THESE CAN STIMULATE IN PLANTS INFECTED OR NOT WITH P. CAPSICI, THE ACTIVITY OF SEVERAL ENZYMES RELATED TO THE ISOFLAVONOID PATHWAYS AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, AS WELL AS THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT ENCODE PROTEINS RELATED TO PATHOGENESIS, AND OTHER PROTEINS THAT CAN ACTIVATE THE JASMONIC ACID, SALICYLIC ACID OR ETHYLENE SIGNALING PATHWAYS. DESPITE THE FEW EXISTING WORKS RELATED TO THE BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR INTERACTION OF CAPSICUM–P. CAPSICI–BIOCONTROLLER, IN THIS REVIEW IT HAS BEEN POSSIBLE TO OUTLINE AND ELUCIDATE THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS RELATED TO THIS TRIPARTITE PATHOSYSTEM.