Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica

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    ´´ ABSORCIÓN DE NUTRIENTES (NPK) EN EL CULTIVO DE ARROZ (Oryza sativa L.) VARIEDAD INIAP 14´´
    (INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA, 2018-09) LOOR BRAVO, CARLOS JOEL
    THE RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L), IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CROPS WORLDWIDE DUE TO ITS GREAT NUTRITIONAL CONTRIBUTION. THIS SOCIAL AND PRODUCTIVE FIELD IS ALSO THE MAIN SUSTENANCE OF THE MANY FARMERS. THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION WAS CARRIED OUT IN THE HORCÓN SITE OF THE ROCAFUERTE CANTÓN, OF THE MANABÍ PROVINCE. THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO EVALUATE THE ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS (NPK) IN THE INIAP 14 VARIETY RICE CROP. A RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN WITH FOUR TREATMENTS AND THREE REPLICATES WAS USED. THE TREATMENTS WERE ELABORATED BY APPLYING FOUR LEVELS OF NPK (0-0-0, 50-20-75, 100-40-150, 150-60-225). THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT NUTRIENT THE EXTRACTION (NPK), IN THE FIRST 25 DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION, THERE WAS NOT STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TREATMENTS, THE EFFECT WAS EVIDENT AFTER 50 DDT, WITH THE HIGHEST EXTRACTION OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM IN THE TREATMENT WITH THE HIGHEST APPLIED DOSE (T3), WHILE PHOSPHORUS OCCURRED IN T2.
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    Actividad biológica de aceites vegetales sobre estadios larvales de Spodoptera frugiperda en condiciones de laboratorio y casa de vegetación en el cultivo de maíz
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2024) Castro Mendoza, Julissa Jamileth ; Cusme Vera, Lilibeth Cecilia ; " " ; " "
    Maize is one of the main cereals grown in all regions of Ecuador as part of the food sovereignty and security of the people. In the Ecuadorian coastal region, where corn is produced on large extensions, one of the main problems is the attack of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), which causes damage to the plant from its early days of development. Consequently, applications of chemical insecticides are a frequent activity. The biological activity of vegetable oils was determined in larvae of S. frugiperda under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in corn cultivation, aiming to achieve highly sustainable and profitable agriculture. The research was conducted at the National Department of Plant Protection (DNPV), Portoviejo Experimental Station of the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIAP). Four concentrations (2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, and 5.0%) were studied using two types of vegetable oils (castor [Ricinus communis L., Euphorbiaceae] and physic nut [Jatropha curcas L., Euphorbiaceae]), with a control (water) and a test oil (NEEM-X® - neem 2%), under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The trials with physic nut and castor oils in the laboratory were conducted separately, using a DCA with six biological replicates and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05). In the laboratory trials, the variables evaluated were leaf consumption, number of live and dead larvae. In the greenhouse trial, visual damage, weight (g), and height (cm) of the plant were evaluated. In the control, greater leaf consumption and higher percentages of S. frugiperda pupae and adults were observed. With the 4% castor treatment, S. frugiperda larvae showed the lowest leaf consumption at 0.6%. Higher larval mortalities were observed with different doses of castor and physic nut extracts. In the survival percentage of pupae and adults, lower values were observed with higuerilla, neem, and physic nut oil treatments at 4% and 5%. It is noteworthy that the treatment with 4% castor extract resulted in the longest larval-adult stage period. In the greenhouse experiment, plants treated with 2% castor oil showed the greatest height (13.6 cm), while control plants (12 cm) and those treated with 3% physic nut (9.6 cm) registered the lowest values. Physic nut and castor extracts showed effectiveness at the different doses used for the control of S. frugiperda larvae.
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    Ajuste poblacional en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L) bajo distintos sistemas de siembra
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2023) Macías Loor, María Alexandra ; Zambrano Castro, Luis Angel ; " " ; " "
    In Ecuador there are 322,846 hectares dedicated to planting corn, with a production of 1,479,770 t/m annually. While in the province of Manabí there are 95,519 ha, with a production of 267,946 t/m per year. The objective of this work was to evaluate the population effect on corn cultivation under different planting systems and the number of seeds per planting site. The experiment was conducted at the facilities of the Faculty of Agronomic Engineering of the Technical University of Manabí, located in the Lodana parish km 13½ via Portoviejo-Santa Ana. 16 treatments were evaluated based on the combination of the levels of Factor A: system of sowing (single and double row), Factor B: sowing densities (57,000, 73,000, 95,000 and 140,000 plants ha-1) and Factor C: number of seeds per sowing site (one and two seeds per site). Measurements were made such as plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll index, leaf area index, grain weight, number of grains and production. A completely randomized block design was used with an arrangement of subdivided plots and an analysis of variance was performed at 5%. Among the main results, it stands out that production was favored based on the higher planting density evaluated, increasing production by more than 200%. In addition, the use of a single row planting system favors morphological aspects such as greater stem diameter of the plant. plant among others. It is concluded that it is essential to increase super seeding populations based on the growth characteristics of commercial corn hybrids in Ecuador.
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    ANÁLISIS DE LAS NECESIDADES BIBLIOGRÁFICAS EN EL ÁREA DE LAS MATERIAS PROFESIONALES EN EL PROYECTO DE LA NUEVA MALLA CURRICULAR DE LA CARRERA DE AGRONOMÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE MANABÍ
    (INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA, 2016-11) MENDOZA CUENCA, WINTER ALEXANDER ; MOREIRA ZAMBRANO, JOSÉ ALFREDO
    THIS WORK TITRATION WAS PERFORMED ON THE MODEL OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AT THE FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA AT THE UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE MANABÍ, LOCATED IN THE PARISH LODANA, CANTÓN SANTA ANA, MANABÍ PROVINCE, FROM DECEMBER 2015 TO JULY 2016, WITH IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS, INCREASING QUALITY AND QUANTITY AVAILABILITY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC TEXTS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE CURRENT STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NEEDS IN THE AREA OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE IN THE DESIGN OF THE NEW CURRICULUM OF THE CAREER OF AGRONOMIA OF THE FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA AT THE UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE MANABÍ, FOR WHICH 150 SURVEYS WERE CONDUCTED AIMED AT STUDENTS AND GRADUATES OF THE CAREER OF AGRONOMY. THEN BASED ON ALL THE INFORMATION GATHERED IN THE SURVEYS WAS ANALYZED BIBLIOGRAPHIC REQUIREMENTS OF THE NEW CURRICULUM, TO CONTINUE CONTRIBUTIONS SUPPLIERS OF SPECIALIZED BIBLIOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
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    ANÁLISIS DE LOS PROBLEMAS CAUSADOS POR ARTRÓPODOS PLAGAS Y ENFERMEDADES VIRALES EN CULTIVO DE PIMIENTO (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) EN ECUADOR
    (INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA, 2021-10) ÁLVAREZ MOREIRA, LILIANA DENISSE ; CEDEÑO MANZABA, PRISCILA ALEJANDRA
    THE PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.), IS A VEGETABLE CONSUMED WORLDWIDE THAT IN RECENT YEARS PRODUCTION HAS INCREASED CONSIDERABLY IN ECUADOR, BOTH IN THE COASTAL AND ANDEAN REGIONS. LIKE OTHER CROPS, THE PEPPER IS AFFECTED BY INSECTS SUCH AS THRIPS (FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALIS AND THRIPS TABACI), APHIDS (APHIS GOSSYPII AND MYZUS PERSICAE), WHITEFLIES (BEMISIA TABACI) AND MITES (TETRANYCHUS URTICAE AND POLYPHAGOTARSONEMUS LATUS), WHICH WOULD AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE. ALSO, THIS CROP IS AFFECTED BY VIRUSES. A BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW WAS CARRIED OUT IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE MAIN PESTS, NATURAL ENEMIES AND VIRUSES THAT AFFECT PEPPERS IN ECUADOR. THE RESULTS SHOWED THE REPORT OF SEVEN SPECIES OF ARTHROPOD PESTS, AND 16 TAXA OF NATURAL ENEMIES. REGARDING THE VIROSIS, SIX SPECIES OF VIRUS WERE FOUND. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SEVERAL ALTERNATIVES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT, IN THE COUNTRY FARMERS PREFER TO USE MAINLY CHEMICAL CONTROL. THIS INFORMATION SERVES AS THE BASIS FOR THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ASSOCIATED ARTHROPODOFAUNA, AS WELL AS OF THE EXISTING VIRUSES AS A BASIS FOR DESIGNING MORE RATIONAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR EXISTING PROBLEMS.
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    ANÁLISIS FISIOLÓGICO, BIOQUÍMICO Y PRODUCTIVO DE GENOTIPOS DE MANÍ (Arachis hypogaea L.) EN RESPUESTA AL ESTRÉS POR SEQUÍA.
    (INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA, 2021-03) Castro Posligua, Genessis Josselyn ; Cevallos Cedeño, Héctor Onides
    THE PEANUT CROP IS BETWEEN LEGUMES ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FOOD CROPS IN THE FIELD AND HEALTH BENEFITS IN PROVIDING NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS. IN ADDITION, IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY BEING GROWN IN AREAS THAT ARE CONSTANTLY HIT BY PERIODS OF DROUGHT AND ADVERSE CONDITIONS THAT HARM DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION. RESEARCH WAS DEVELOPED WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF EVALUATING THE PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND PRODUCTIVE TWO PEANUT VARIETIES UNDER WATER DEFICIT. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CONDUCTED EVALUATING VARIETIES OF PEANUT CANDY AND ROSITA 380, WHICH UNDERWENT FOUR PERIODS OF DROUGHT. PHYSIOLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND PRODUCTIVE VARIABLES WERE EVALUATED SUCH AS STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE, WATER POTENTIAL, CHLOROPHYLL INDEX, NUMBER OF NODULES AND PODS, DRY WEIGHT OF THE PLANTS AND GRAIN PRODUCTION, IN ADDITION TO THE CONTENT OF PROTEINS, FAT, SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS.
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    Aplicación de aceites vegetales en el control del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) en dos ciclos productivos de maíz (Zea mays L.)
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2023) Bravo Macías, Erick Ronaldo ; García Loor, Gregory José ; " " ; " "
    This study aimed to assess the efficacy of piñon oil (Jatropha curcas) and castor oil (Ricinus communis) vegetable oils in controlling fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in maize crops during two production cycles. A randomized complete block design consisting of 40 experimental plots, ten treatments, and four replications was employed. Four concentrations of the oils, along with a chemical control (Lorsban) and an absolute control (water only), were tested. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of both vegetable oils in reducing fall armyworm infestation. However, their efficacy varied depending on the season. Jatropha oil exhibited greater effectiveness during the rainy season, while Ricinus oil showed better results in the dry season. It is important to note that both oils displayed some phytotoxicity in the maize crop, although without significant impact on yield. These findings underscore the potential of vegetable oils as environmentally friendly and efficient alternatives for pest control in maize cultivation. Their utilization can be particularly advantageous for small-scale farmers and in developing countries, given their ecological benefits compared to chemical insecticides. Nonetheless, caution should be exercised regarding phytotoxicity, and application should be adjusted accordingly based on seasonal variations. This study contributes valuable insights to integrated pest management practices and emphasizes the significance of seeking sustainable approaches for safeguarding crop productivity.
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    Aplicación de láminas de riego y utilización de giberelina en la producción de limón sutil [Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle]
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2023) Pincay Sánchez, Lady Diana ; Pincay Sánchez, Lady Laura ; " " ; " "
    Currently, lemon production is often threatened by the effects of climate change, with drought being the main problem, which is why producers are forced to meet the water demands of the crop, however, it is of the utmost importance. seek to save water without affecting the productivity of the crop, therefore, a moderate reduction of water is convenient, with 50% of the ETC. Gibberellins also play an important role as a regulator of plant growth and especially in fruit set, they have been involved in different physiological processes and improve the production and quality of the fruit, being considered a highly profitable alternative for the producer. The purpose of this research was to determine irrigation sheets and the application of gibberellins in the production of subtle lemon (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). The trial was carried out in the Santa Ana Canton, Manabí province. Three irrigation sheets (51,72 m3 h-1; 46,55 m3 h-1; 38,79 m3 h-1) and two doses of gibberellic acid (80 ppm and 200 ppm) were applied to the subtle lemon crop. Among the yield variables, fruit growth, fruit weight, equatorial and polar diameter were evaluated, while the internal quality variables of the fruit that were evaluated were pulp weight, shell weight, juice content, number of seeds and fruit content. of soluble solids “brix degrees”. As results, it was obtained that the highest growth rates of the fruit (45,40 g) and yields (49,47 kg/tree) were reached with water volumes of 51,72 m3 h-1 corresponding to sheet. While that the doses of GA3 did not differ significantly in any of the variables of growth and internal quality of the fruit. Therefore, it is concluded that the effect of the irrigation sheets was more present than the hormonal effect.
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    Artrópodos asociados a diferentes genotipos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2023) Barcia Rodríguez, Carlos Emilio ; " " ; " "
    Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a crop in great demand, since the beans are used to produce chocolate, which presents various characteristics both in flavor and in health benefits. Ecuador is a producer and exporter of cocoa, so the management of the crop is intensified and causes the loss of biodiversity. The main objective of this research was to identify the arthropods associated with different cacao genotypes. The study was carried out in a 2800 m2 plot of cocoa designed in random blocks with three repetitions located at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Manabí. In the lot there are 24 cacao materials, including the national type and the CCN-51, of which four combinations (pattern/graft) were chosen (EET-339/EET576, IMC-67/EET484, EET-400/EETP- 800 and POUND-12/CCN-51), each combination had four cacao plants planted. Leaf samples were taken to identify populations of aphids (Toxoptera aurantii) and mealybugs (Dysmicoccus sp.). Yellow traps were also placed to identify the number of individuals per family of phytophagous insects, parasitoids and predators. Alcohol traps were used to identify scolytines taxa and ear evaluation in the field was performed to establish ear damage by bugs of the genus Monalonion. Four taxa of scolytines Hypothenemus sp., Xyleborus affinis, Premnobius sp., Corthylus sp. On the leaves, Toxoptera aurantii was significantly higher than the EET-399/EET-576 genotype and the number of mealybugs of the genus Dysmicoccus was low and did not differ between genotypes. In the traps, the most abundant phytophagous families were Chrysomelidae and Membracidae. For natural enemies, important families of predators such as Coccinellidae, Dolichipodidae and Vespidae were observed. Six families of parasitoids were present associated with cacao genotypes. The EET-400/EETP-800 genotype exhibited the highest number of ears damaged by bugs of the genus Monalonium, reaching 25% damage, and the highest damage scale with grade 3 was also observed. These results represent a significant contribution to the knowledge of the entomofauna associated with cocoa that until now has been little studied in Ecuador. It is suggested that future studies focus on measuring the effects that scolitins can cause in cacao, and the role played by the families of predators and parasitoids found.
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    BACTERIAS PROMOTORAS DE CRECIMIENTO EN EL FRÉJOL AUPÍ(Vigna unguiculata L.WALP.)
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2023) Palma Velásquez, Abrahán Alfredo ; " " ; " "
    Cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) has traditionally been an important crop for 18 smallholder farmers, and in many cases is the main source of low-cost dietary plant 19 protein and minerals compared to animal products such as meat, fish, and egg. The 20 inoculation of rhizobia in cowpeas is a promising technology to improve production. In 21 this work, the importance of growth-promoting bacteria in cowpea beans was evaluated 22 through a literature review, in order to improve the performance of the production 23 system in the different stages of the crop. A search of bibliographic information has 24 been carried out for the preparation of this literature review using scientific information 25 published from 1982 to the present, totaling 67 documents (books, book chapters, 26 scientific articles, among others) written in different languages such as Spanish, English 27 and Portuguese, included in the SCOPUS, Web of Science, Scielo, Redalyc and 28 Latindex 2.0 platforms. The keywords ¨Cowpea beans¨, ¨Origin of cowpea beans¨, 29 ¨Distribution of cowpea beans¨, ¨Phenological cycle of cowpea beans¨, ¨Botanical 30 description of cowpea beans¨, ¨Nutritional requirements of cowpea beans¨, ¨Plant 31 growth promoting rhizobacteria¨, ¨Nitrogen fixing bacteria¨ and ¨Growth promoting 32 bacteria in cowpea¨. The Mendeley program was used as a bibliographic manager. The 33 importance of the promoter bacteria in the cowpea bean crop was demonstrated, in all 34 the searches carried out, the bacteria belonging to the genus Bradyrhizobium 35 predominating as the most used in this crop.
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    BACTERIAS SIMBIÓTICAS EN EL CULTIVO DE MANÍ: UNA REVISIÓN
    (Ingeniero Agronomo, 2022-06) Moreira Moreira, José Jahir ; Reyna Alarcón, Cristhian Alexander
    THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK IS TO COLLECT INFORMATION ON THE IMPORTANCE OF SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA IN PEANUT CULTIVATION. PEANUTS ARE OF GREAT ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, BEING PRESENT WITHIN THE FOUR MOST IMPORTANT GRAINS IN THE WORLD. ITS WIDE DISTRIBUTION RANGES FROM ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA, AND SOUTH AMERICA. THE ENTIRE BIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF A LEGUME IS CARRIED OUT IN THE ROOT SYSTEM WHERE THE RHIZOBIA THAT ARE PART OF THE ROOT NODULES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FIXING NITROGEN INDEPENDENTLY, THIS PROCESS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR TRIGGERING THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND PERFORMANCE OF PLANTS. THE SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA PRESENT IN THE SOIL ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FIXING NITROGEN, AS WELL AS NITRATE AND AMMONIUM, THESE BACTERIA TAKE NITROGEN FROM THE AIR, GIVING RISE TO COMPOUNDS CAPABLE OF BEING INCORPORATED INTO THE COMPOSITION OF LIVING BEINGS AND THE SOIL. RHIZOBACTERIA HAVE ADVANTAGES RELATED TO THE PROMOTION OF PLANT GROWTH, THROUGH THE AERIAL PART AND THE ROOT, INDUCING THE PRODUCTION OF GROWTH-INDUCING HORMONES IN PLANTS AND HELPING TO PROVIDE NUTRIENTS TO THE ROOTS. A DECREASE IN CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS BY SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA OR RHIZOBACTERIA CAN CHANGE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES IN THE WORLD BECAUSE THEY ARE HIGHLY EFFECTIVE FOR LEGUMES SUCH AS PEANUTS.
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    Balance energético en el cultivo de pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton y Rose) en dos localidades de la zona sur de Manabí
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2024) Moreira Delgado, Laura Jazmín ; Mendoza Valdez, Wilson Israel ; " " ; " "
    The energy balance is essential for analyzing energy inputs and outputs in agriculture, which provides valuable information for evaluating the ecological sustainability of production. The objective was to calculate the energy balance in the production cycle of pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton and Rose) in southern Manabí, Two farms were evaluated: La Abundancia (LA, Santa Ana) and Santa Rosa (SR, May 24). To determine the direct (fuel, labor) and indirect (seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, machinery) input and output (harvested biomass) energy parameters, field data sheets and structured interviews with farm managers were used. For the analysis of energy inputs and outputs, descriptive statistics were used through flow diagrams using Microsoft Visio 2023 software. For the energy input and output parameters, equations were used, which were calculated and analyzed using Excel spreadsheets. In both farms nine activities related to pitahaya management were identified; for (LA, Santa Ana) ten input parameters and one output parameter were recorded, while in (SR, 24 May) 11 input parameters and one output parameter were identified. The energy input totals showed that (SR, 24 May) had a higher energy expenditure with 329 341.86, compared to (LA, Santa Ana) which presented 205 942.47MJ/ha. In terms of energy expenditure, (LA, Santa Ana), reached a harvested biomass of 3 876,000 MJ/ha, while (SR, 24 May) reached 13 566,000 MJ/ha. The energy balance of the pitahaya crop in both farms reveals a positive situation, where the energy costs associated with the various crop management parameters are lower than the harvested fruit biomass.
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    LA CADENA DE PRODUCCIÓN DEL CACAO EN ECUADOR: RESILIENCIA EN LOS DIFERENTES ACTORES DE LA PRODUCCIÓN
    (INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA, 2021-07) GARCIA BRIONES, ANA ROSA ; PICO PICO, BRYAN FERNANDO
    CACAO IS ONE OF THE TRADITIONAL ECUADORIAN EXPORT PRODUCTS AND IN THE LAST THREE YEARS ECUADOR HAS BEEN THE THIRD LARGEST PRODUCER IN THE WORLD. SEVERAL FACTORS SUCH AS CLIMATE CHANGE, HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CADMIUM (CD) AND THE GLOBAL PANDEMIC OF COVID-19 ARE INFLUENCING THE ECUADORIAN COCOA PRODUCTION CHAIN. BASED ON AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING CHAIN OF COCOA IN ECUADOR, THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TYPES OF COCOA, THE TYPES OF PRODUCERS, IT IS SHOWN THAT THIS COUNTRY HAS GREAT POTENTIAL TO MAINTAIN PRODUCTION STANDARDS. ALTHOUGH SOME PREVIOUS PLANS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR THE COMPETITIVE IMPROVEMENT OF ECUADORIAN COCOA, BASED ON THE PRODUCTION CHAIN, THESE PLANS HAVE NOT ANALYZED THE FARMER'S PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT. IN THIS WORK, FIVE LINES OF ACTION BASED ON: IMPROVING THE RURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE FARMER, PROMOTING ASSOCIATIVITY AND COOPERATIVISM, IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY AND CONSUMPTION IN THE NATIONAL MARKET, CONSOLIDATING THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET AND RESEARCH ARE PROPOSED AS LINES OF ACTION. IT IS IMPERATIVE TO ENGAGE THESE AXES IN AN ACTION AIMED AT PROVIDING GREATER RESILIENCE IN THE ECUADORIAN COCOA PRODUCTION CHAIN
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    Cadmio en el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) y sus efectos ambientales.
    (Ingeniero Agronomo, 2022-04) Chancay Alcívar Luis Fernando
    A CRITICAL ISSUE IN AGRICULTURE TODAY IS THE PRESENCE OF CADMIUM IN THE COCOA CROP, AS IT SEVERELY COMPROMISES HEALTH, FOOD SAFETY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT. ALTHOUGH THE DEMAND FOR COCOA IS GROWING SIGNIFICANTLY, THE PRESENCE OF THIS CONTAMINANT IS A POTENTIAL LIMITING FACTOR FOR ITS EXPORT AND COMMERCIALIZATION. THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON THE COCOA PLANT, SOIL-WATER ECOSYSTEMS, HUMAN HEALTH, AND SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONFLICTS. IN THIS SENSE, THROUGH A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN DATABASES, A STATEMENT IS PRESENTED, BASICALLY FOCUSED ON CADMIUM AS ONE OF THE MOST TOXIC AND INHIBITORY METALS IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES SINCE IT REDUCES GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY, TRANSPIRATION, AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT, IN ADDITION TO CAUSING A SIGNIFICANT NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCE IN PLANTS WITH CONSEQUENT EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY. ITS ACCUMULATION DEGRADES THE SOIL ALTERS ITS CHEMICAL (NUTRIENTS AND PH), PHYSICAL (TEXTURE, PERMEABILITY, WATER RETENTION, AND DENSITY), AND BIOLOGICAL (FUNGI AND BACTERIA) PROPERTIES, LOSING ITS SELF-PURIFICATION CAPACITY. IN AERIAL PARTS OF PLANTS, IT ALLOWS ITS PASSAGE TO THE TROPHIC CHAIN WHERE IT BIOACCUMULATES, CAUSING HARMFUL EFFECTS ON PEOPLE'S HEALTH, MAINLY DAMAGING KIDNEYS AND LIVER, WHICH CAN CAUSE NEPHROPATHY AND IRREVERSIBLE LIVER DAMAGE. CONTINUED INGESTION OF THIS HEAVY METAL CAN CAUSE BONE FRAGILITY.
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    CARACTERIZACIÓN AGRONÓMICA DE 44 ACCESIONES DE LA COLECCIÓN DE HIGUERILLA (Ricinus communis L.) DE INIAP-PORTOVIEJO
    (INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA, 2016-11) BORJA CABEZA, LUIS LEONARDO ; SOLEDISPA VALERIANO, CRISTHIAN JASMANI
    THIS RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN MAY AND OCTOBER 2013, AT THE EXPERIMENTAL STATION PORTOVIEJO NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (INIAP), LOCATED IN THE PARISH COLUMBUS, CANTON PORTOVIEJO, MANABÍ PROVINCE, AT THE GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES 01º14 'SOUTH LATITUDE AND 80º16' WEST LONGITUDE; AGRONOMIC ALLY AIMED TO CHARACTERIZE 44 ACCESSIONS OF CASTOR GERMPLASM BANK COLLECTED IN THE PROVINCES OF MANABÍ AND PICHINCHA
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    Caracterización biológica y serológica de 20 aislamientos virales que afectan el cultivo de pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) en el Valle del Río Portoviejo
    (INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA, 2016-11) MENDOZA ZAMBRANO, RICHARD DIOMEDES ; SÁNCHEZ VÉLEZ, GÉNESIS YESSENIA
    THIS RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN A HOUSE OF VEGETATION´S HOUSE TO INSECT PROOF IN THE PLANT PATHOLOGY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LABORATORIES, THE FIRST TWO AT THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND THE LAST AT THE UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE MANABÍ (PORTOVIEJO). IN ORDER TO CHARACTERIZE BIOLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICALLY VIRUS AFFECTING PEPPER CROP AND VALIDATE THE RESISTANCE OF COMMERCIAL HYBRID QUETZAL, USING 20 ISOLATES OBTAINED FROM 32 SAMPLES FROM EIGHT PRODUCING FIELDS, LOCATED IN COLÓN (CO) AND CRUCITA (CR) PARISH BELONG TO THE PORTOVIEJO CANTON, BUENOS AIRES (BA), THE CEIBAL (CE) AND LA RECTA OF ROCAFUERTE (RR) BELONG TO ROCAFUERTE CANTON, CHARAPOTÓ (CH) BELONG TO SUCRE CANTON AND LODANA (LO) BELONG TO THE SANTA ANA CANTON, IN THE VALLEY OF PORTOVIEJO´S RIVER
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    CARACTERIZACIÓN BIOLÓGICA Y SEROLÓGICA DE AISLAMIENTOS VIRALES QUE AFECTAN EL CULTIVO DE TOMATE (Solanum lycopersicum L.) EN EL VALLE DEL RÍO PORTOVIEJO
    (INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA, 2016-11) MOREIRA MERA, ALEXANDER LEONEL ; INTRIAGO CEDEÑO, SILVIA MARIELA
    THIS RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN A VEGETATION´S HOUSE TO INSECT PROOF IN THE PHYTOPATHOLOGY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LABORATORIES, THE FIRST AT THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND THE LAST AT THE UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE MANABÍ (PORTOVIEJO). IN ORDER TO CHARACTERIZE BIOLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICALLY VIRUS AFFECTING PEPPER CROPS AND VALIDATE THE RESISTANCE OF COMMERCIALS HYBRIDS MIRAMAR AND PIETRO, USING 11 ISOLATES OBTAINED FROM 25 SAMPLES FROM EIGHT PRODUCING FIELDS, LOCATED IN LODANA (LO) ESTANCIA VIEJA (EV) COLÓN (CO) AND CRUCITA (CR) PLACES IN THE CATCHMENT AREA OF THE RIVER PORTOVIEJO
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    “CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS MÉTODOS DE ALMACENAMIENTO DE LA SEMILLA DE MAÍZ EN LA PROVINCIA DE MANABÍ”
    (Ingeniero Agronomo, 2022-03) María Alejandra Ortiz Bravo ; Miguel Ángel Parraga Giler
    THE CORN OR (ZEA MAYS), IS ONE OF THE OLDEST CEREALS OCCUPYING THE SECOND PLACE IN THE WORLD FOR ITS PRODUCTION, IT IS OF GREAT ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE WORLDWIDE, IT SERVES AS FOOD FOR HUMANS AND ANIMALS IN ADDITION TO THE POWERFUL OPTIMIZATION OF ITS MATERIAL PREMIUM IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS SUCH AS FLOUR, OIL, SYRUPS, SNACKS, POPCORN, TORTILLAS, BREAD, CHEWING GUM, CANDIES, AMONG OTHERS. WORLDWIDE, IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE AREA PLANTED WITH THIS CROP RANGES BETWEEN 138 MILLION HECTARES; OF WHICH, 60% CORRESPONDS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. IT IS CONSIDERED THAT 50% OF THE TOTAL PLANTED AREA IS CONCENTRATED IN COUNTRIES SUCH AS: BRAZIL, CHINA, INDIA AND MEXICO, BECOMING A MASSIVE PRODUCTION, SINCE IT IS PART OF THE WORLD'S ENERGY INTAKE.
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    Caracterización fenotípica y organoléptica de clones promisorios de Theobroma cacao L. seleccionados en el programa de mejoramiento genético UTM
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2024) Loor Macías, Alfonso Alexander ; Zamora Cevallos, María Alejandra ; " " ; " "
    Cacao, native to South America, is a crop of great socioeconomic importance in Ecuador and other countries. This study aimed to evaluate the variability in phenotypic and organoleptic characteristics of nine experimental clones. The study was conducted in an experimental plot located in the canton of Calceta (Manabí, Ecuador). Engels descriptors were used for phenotypic characterization. For organoleptic analysis and sensory profiling, the protocol established by the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIAP) was used. The evaluated clones have elongated leaves (with a length/width ratio of 3), acuminate apex, and papery texture; the flowers of the nine clones show anthocyanin in the peduncle, petals, and staminodes, with some also presenting it in the sepals and stamen filaments; the fruits are oblong in shape with a weight ranging from 444,5 to 804,5 g. The number of seeds ranged from an average of 37,3 to 46,7, for clones UTM-5103 and UTM-259, respectively, with an average seed/fruit weight of 147±14 g. The cacao liquor from sample UTM 1 stood out for its intense cacao flavor, marked acidity, and prominent notes of fresh fruit and nuts. Sample UTM 2 presented a potent cacao flavor, pronounced acidity, and moderate complexity in its fresh fruit and vegetal notes. Sample UTM 3 showed a strong cacao flavor with highlighted acidity, more evident brown fruit and nut notes, with a balance between bitterness and astringency. In conclusion, the data analysis shows notable variability in the floral, leaf, and fruit characteristics among the clones, indicating significant genetic diversity. The organoleptic profile of the seeds allowed for the identification of sensory differences between the evaluated materials, facilitating the selection of those with ideal characteristics for specific markets.
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    Caracterización fenotípica y reproductiva de genotipos promisorios de Theobroma cacao
    (Ingenieria Agronomica, 2024) Pico Sornoza, Diego Armando ; Santana Mantuano, Gema Elizabeth ; " " ; " "
    Cocoa is a species native to the tropical forests of South America, considered one of the world's most important agricultural crops. This study aimed to determine phenotypic variability, establish the self-compatibility and intercompatibility index, and calculate the reproductive efficiency index in promising cocoa genotypes, emphasizing the importance of characterization in tree selection. Thirty trees from 7 families of intraspecific hybrids were evaluated. Phenotypic characterization utilized Engels' descriptors. Reproductive systems were assessed through controlled pollinations, and reproductive efficiency was determined by examining fruit formation after natural and controlled pollination. Cocoa trees exhibited variability in qualitative leaf characteristics at the base, apex, and color, as well as leaf size, with a length/width ratio ranging from 2.4 to 3.6. Flowers displayed color variability related to anthocyanin presence, except for the staminode, which was red in all individuals. Fruit variability was noted in shape, apex, basal construction, and surface roughness. Size-related characteristics such as fruit weight (260 to 727 g), shell weight (209 to 568 g), and seed number (29 to 46) also varied. Maturity after manual pollination ranged from 10% to 80%, and natural pollination resulted in fruit formation between 3% and 38%. The reproductive efficiency index for evaluated genotypes ranged from 0.02 to 1.9. In conclusion, significant genetic variability exists in leaf, flower, and fruit characteristics among the evaluated cocoa trees. These genotypes are both self-compatible and inter-compatible, demonstrating diverse reproductive efficiency indices.