Una revisión sobre biocontroladores de Phytophthora capsici y su impacto en plantas de Capsicum: una perspectiva desde el exterior al interior de la planta

Abstract

PHYTOPHTHORA CAPSICI ES UN OOMICETO QUE CAUSA DIVERSOS SÍNTOMAS COMO PUDRICIÓN DE RAÍCES, CUELLO, TALLO Y FRUTOS, Y TIZÓN FOLIAR, EN VARIAS ESPECIES DE PLANTAS QUE INCLUYEN EL GÉNERO CAPSICUM. ONE OF THE TOOLS TO COUNTERACT THIS BIOTIC PROBLEM, AND WHICH MAY BE MORE PROFITABLE AND RESPECTFUL WITH ENVIRONMENT IN THE LONG TERM, IS THE USE OF BIOCONTROLLERS SUCH AS BACILLUS, PSEUDOMONAS, STREPTOMYCES (BACTERIA) AND TRICHODERMA (FUNGUS). IT SEEMS THAT EACH OF THESE MICROORGANISMS HAVE DIFFERENT MECHANISMS THAT ALLOW THEM TO INHIBIT AND REDUCE THE GROWTH OF P. CAPSICI, NEGATIVELY AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORANGIA, GERMINATION AND MOTILITY OF ZOOSPORES, AND GROWTH OF GERM TUBE. ALTHOUGH IT WOULD SEEM THAT THIS DIRECT BIOCONTROL ACTION ON THE PHYTOPATHOGEN IS CORRELATED WITH THE REDUCTION OF SYMPTOMS IN CAPSICUM PLANTS OR OTHER PLANT SPECIES, IT WOULD ALSO INVOLVE THE ACTIVATION OF DEFENSE RESPONSES IN PLANTS AGAINST P. CAPSICI INDUCED BY THE MICROORGANISMS. THESE CAN STIMULATE IN PLANTS INFECTED OR NOT WITH P. CAPSICI, THE ACTIVITY OF SEVERAL ENZYMES RELATED TO THE ISOFLAVONOID PATHWAYS AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, AS WELL AS THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT ENCODE PROTEINS RELATED TO PATHOGENESIS, AND OTHER PROTEINS THAT CAN ACTIVATE THE JASMONIC ACID, SALICYLIC ACID OR ETHYLENE SIGNALING PATHWAYS. DESPITE THE FEW EXISTING WORKS RELATED TO THE BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR INTERACTION OF CAPSICUM–P. CAPSICI–BIOCONTROLLER, IN THIS REVIEW IT HAS BEEN POSSIBLE TO OUTLINE AND ELUCIDATE THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS RELATED TO THIS TRIPARTITE PATHOSYSTEM.